Data Transmission Using Delayed Timing Signals

ABSTRACT

An integrated circuit includes a delay circuit and first and second interface circuits. The delay circuit delays a first timing signal by an internal delay to generate an internal timing signal. The first interface circuit communicates data to an external device in response to the internal timing signal. The second interface circuit transmits an external timing signal for capturing the data in the external device. An external delay is added to the external timing signal in the external device to generate a delayed external timing signal. The delay circuit sets the internal delay based on a comparison between the delayed external timing signal and a calibration signal transmitted by the first interface circuit.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/351,955 having a national stage filing date of Apr. 15,2014, which is a national stage application of PCT Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/US2012/062301, filed Oct. 26, 2012, which claims the benefit ofU.S. provisional patent application No. 61/554,492, filed Nov. 1, 2011,and U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/711,660, filed Oct. 9,2012, all which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to electronic circuits, and moreparticularly, to techniques for data transmission using delayed timingsignals.

BACKGROUND

In some computing systems, a processor integrated circuit stores data ina memory integrated circuit during write operations. The processorintegrated circuit accesses stored data from the memory integratedcircuit during read operations. In a source synchronous system, a timingsignal is transmitted between the processor and memory integratedcircuits along with the data during read and write operations.

During a write operation, write data and a timing signal are transmittedfrom the processor integrated circuit to the memory integrated circuit.A buffer circuit in the memory integrated circuit buffers the timingsignal to generate a buffered timing signal. The buffered timing signalis provided to receiving circuits in the memory integrated circuit. Eachof the receiving circuits in the memory integrated circuit includes areplica circuit. The replica circuits delay the write data to generatedelayed write data signals. Each of the replica circuits generates adelay in one of the delayed write data signals that matches the delayprovided to the buffered timing signal by the buffer circuit. Thereceiving circuits in the memory integrated circuit capture the writedata in the delayed write data signals. The write data is stored in amemory circuit.

During a read operation, read data and a timing signal are transmittedfrom the memory integrated circuit to the processor integrated circuit.A buffer circuit in the processor integrated circuit buffers the timingsignal to generate a buffered timing signal. The buffered timing signalis provided to receiving circuits in the processor integrated circuit.Each of the receiving circuits in the processor integrated circuitincludes a replica circuit. The replica circuits in the processorintegrated circuit delay the read data to generate delayed read datasignals. Each of the replica circuits generates a delay in one of thedelayed read data signals that matches the delay provided to thebuffered timing signal by the buffer circuit in the processor integratedcircuit. The receiving circuits in the processor integrated circuitcapture the read data in the delayed read data signals.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a system that includes a processorintegrated circuit and a memory integrated circuit.

FIG. 2A illustrates an embodiment of the write data transmitter circuitand the command/address transmitter circuit of FIG. 1, and an embodimentof the write data receiver circuit and the command/address receivercircuit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 3A illustrates additional portions of the circuits of FIG. 2A thatare used to calibrate a delay provided to a timing signal during acalibration mode.

FIG. 3B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the write data transmittercircuit and the command/address transmitter circuit of FIG. 1, andanother embodiment of the write data receiver circuit and thecommand/address receiver circuit of FIG. 1 that includes replicacircuits.

FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of the read data transmitter circuitof FIG. 1 and an embodiment of the read data receiver circuit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A illustrates additional portions of the read data receivercircuit of FIG. 5A that are used to calibrate the delay provided to atiming signal in the read data receiver circuit during a calibrationmode.

FIG. 6B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 6A.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the read data receiver circuit ofFIG. 1 that includes replica circuits.

FIG. 8A illustrates an embodiment of the read data receiver circuit ofFIG. 1 that includes additional buffer circuits in the read data path.

FIG. 8B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 8A during normal mode.

FIG. 8C is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 8A during calibration mode.

FIG. 9A illustrates an embodiment of the read data transmitter circuitof FIG. 1 providing read data that is delayed relative to the timingsignal used to capture the read data to compensate for a delay added tothe timing signal in the read data receiver circuit.

FIG. 9B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 9A during normal mode.

FIG. 9C is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 9A during calibration mode.

FIG. 10A illustrates an embodiment of the write data transmitter circuitand the command/address transmitter circuit of FIG. 1 that includes aphase control circuit, and another embodiment of the write data receivercircuit and the command/address receiver circuit of FIG. 1.

FIG. 10B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 10A.

FIG. 11A illustrates an embodiment of the write data receiver circuitand the command/address receiver circuit of FIG. 1 that includesintegrator circuits.

FIG. 11B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 11A.

FIG. 12A illustrates another embodiment of the write data transmittercircuit and the command/address transmitter circuit of FIG. 1, and anembodiment of the write data receiver circuit and the command/addressreceiver circuit of FIG. 1 that includes a phase control circuit.

FIG. 12B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 12A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

During a write operation, a processor integrated circuit delays a firstinternal timing signal by a first delay to generate a second internaltiming signal. A storage circuit in the processor integrated circuitcaptures information for the write operation in response to the secondinternal timing signal. The information for the write operation may be,for example, data or a command and an address. A first external timingsignal and the information for the write operation are provided to amemory integrated circuit. The first external timing signal is delayedby a second delay in the memory integrated circuit to generate a thirdinternal timing signal. A storage circuit in the memory integratedcircuit captures the information for the write operation in response tothe third internal timing signal. The first delay is based on the seconddelay. In an embodiment, the first delay is adjusted to match the seconddelay during a calibration mode based on a comparison between the thirdinternal timing signal and a test signal provided from the processorintegrated circuit to the memory integrated circuit.

During a read operation, a storage circuit in the memory integratedcircuit captures data in response to a fourth internal timing signal. Asecond external timing signal and the data are provided to the processorintegrated circuit during the read operation. The second external timingsignal is delayed by a third delay in the processor integrated circuitto generate a fifth internal timing signal. A storage circuit in theprocessor integrated circuit captures the data in response to the fifthinternal timing signal. In an embodiment, the third delay is adjustedduring the calibration mode to cause the third delay to have apredefined relationship to the bit period of signals that embody thedata.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a system that includes a processorintegrated circuit 101 and a memory integrated circuit 130. Processorintegrated circuit 101 initiates a write operation to store data inmemory integrated circuit 130. During each write operation, processorintegrated circuit 101 transmits write data, a write command, timingsignals, and an address to memory integrated circuit 130. Memoryintegrated circuit 130 captures the write data, the write command, andthe address in response to the timing signals. Processor integratedcircuit 101 delays the write data, the write command, and the address tocompensate for delays provided to the timing signals in memoryintegrated circuit 130. Memory integrated circuit 130 stores the writedata in one or more memory locations indicated by the address inresponse to the write command.

Processor integrated circuit 101 initiates a read operation to accessdata stored in memory integrated circuit 130. During each readoperation, processor integrated circuit 101 transmits a read command, anaddress, and a first timing signal to memory integrated circuit 130.Memory integrated circuit 130 captures the read command and the addressin response to the first timing signal. Processor integrated circuit 101delays the read command and the address to compensate for delay providedto the first timing signal in memory integrated circuit 130. Memoryintegrated circuit 130 accesses read data at one or more memorylocations indicated by the address in response to the read command.Memory integrated circuit 130 transmits the read data and a secondtiming signal to processor integrated circuit 101. Processor integratedcircuit 101 delays the second timing signal to generate a third timingsignal based on delay in the read data. Processor integrated circuit 101captures the read data in response to the third timing signal.

Processor integrated circuit 101 includes write data transmitter circuit111, read data receiver circuit 112, command/address transmitter circuit113, processor circuit 115, and control circuit 116. Memory integratedcircuit 130 includes write data receiver circuit 121, read datatransmitter circuit 122, command/address receiver circuit 123, memorycircuit 125, and control circuit 126.

Processor integrated circuit 101 may have one or more processorcircuits, including processor circuit 115. Memory integrated circuit 130may have one or more memory circuits, including memory circuit 125. Inan embodiment, memory circuit 125 is a memory array circuit that hasmultiple banks of memory circuits. Memory circuit 125 and the othermemory circuits in memory integrated circuit 130 may include any memorycell technology such as, for example, dynamic random access memory(DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), flash, etc. As more specificexamples, memory circuits may be double data rate (DDR) synchronousDRAM, extreme data rate (XDR), or Mobile XDR devices.

Throughout this description, processor integrated circuit 101 is aspecific example of an integrated circuit device (i.e., memorycontroller device) that includes an interface to communicate with amemory integrated circuit. Other types of memory controller devicesinclude mobile application processors, application specific integratedcircuits (ASIC), graphics processing units (GPU), field programmablegate arrays (FPGA), and a system on chip (SoC), which may includeprocessing cores or multimedia encode/decode functionality andmulti-core processors as a sample set of examples.

Signals are transmitted between processor integrated circuit 101 andmemory integrated circuit 130 through external conductors. The externalconductors may include transmission lines, wire bond connections, and/orsolder bumps. Processor integrated circuit 101 and memory integratedcircuit 130 may be stacked on top of each other and directly connectedthrough solder bumps, connected together through a printed circuitboard, or connected together through one or more packages.

Processor integrated circuit 101 and memory integrated circuit 130function in a normal mode and in a calibration mode. Processorintegrated circuit 101 and memory integrated circuit 130 perform readand write operations during the normal mode. Processor integratedcircuit 101 and memory integrated circuit 130 calibrate delays providedto timing signals during the calibration mode. The timing signals areused to capture read data and write data for the read and writeoperations, respectively.

During each write operation, processor circuit 115 generates timingsignals Q1 and C1, signals WX that indicate write data for the writeoperation, and signals AX that indicate a write command and an addressfor the write operation. Timing signals Q1 and C1 are provided to inputsof write data transmitter circuit 111 and command/address transmittercircuit 113, respectively. Signals WX are provided to inputs of writedata transmitter circuit 111, and signals AX are provided to inputs ofcommand/address transmitter circuit 113.

Write data transmitter circuit 111 transmits signals WY that indicatethe write data for the write operation to write data receiver circuit121 through external bidirectional bus 131. Write data transmittercircuit 111 transmits a timing signal Q2 that is generated based ontiming signal Q1 to write data receiver circuit 121 through externalconductor 132. Command/address transmitter circuit 113 transmits signalsAY that indicate the write command and the address for the writeoperation to command/address receiver circuit 123 through external bus133. Command/address transmitter circuit 113 transmits a timing signalC2 that is generated based on timing signal C1 to command/addressreceiver circuit 123 through external conductor 134.

Write data receiver circuit 121 captures the write data for the writeoperation in response to timing signal Q2. Write data receiver circuit121 provides signals WZ that indicate the write data for the writeoperation to memory circuit 125. Command/address receiver circuit 123captures the write command and the address for the write operation inresponse to timing signal C2. Command/address receiver circuit 123provides signals AZ that indicate the write command and the address forthe write operation to memory circuit 125. Command/address receivercircuit 123 generates timing signal C3 based on timing signal C2. Timingsignal C3 is provided to memory circuit 125 and to read data transmittercircuit 122. Memory circuit 125 may perform data storage and data accessoperations in response to timing signal C3.

During each read operation, processor circuit 115 generates timingsignal C1 and signals AX that indicate a read command and an address forthe read operation. Timing signal C1 and signals AX are provided toinputs of command/address transmitter circuit 113. Command/addresstransmitter circuit 113 transmits signals AY that indicate the readcommand and the address for the read operation to command/addressreceiver circuit 123 through external bus 133. Command/addresstransmitter circuit 113 transmits timing signal C2 that is generatedbased on timing signal C1 to command/address receiver circuit 123through external conductor 134. Command/address receiver circuit 123captures the read command and the address for the read operation inresponse to timing signal C2. Command/address receiver circuit 123provides signals AZ that indicate the read command and the address forthe read operation to memory circuit 125. Command/address receivercircuit 123 generates timing signal C3 based on timing signal C2.

Memory circuit 125 accesses read data stored in one or more memorylocations identified by the address indicated by a first subset ofsignals AZ in response to the read command indicated by a second subsetof signals AZ. Memory circuit 125 provides signals RX that indicate theread data to read data transmitter circuit 122. Read data transmittercircuit 122 transmits signals RY that indicate the read data for theread operation to read data receiver circuit 112 through externalbidirectional bus 131. Read data transmitter circuit 122 transmits atiming signal G4 that is generated based on timing signal C3 to readdata receiver circuit 112 through external conductor 132. Read datareceiver circuit 112 captures the read data for the read operation inresponse to timing signal G4. Read data receiver circuit 112 transmitssignals RZ that indicate the read data for the read operation toprocessor circuit 115.

During the calibration mode, processor circuit 115 provides controlsignals CMD to control circuit 116. Control circuit 116 generates testsignals TX, test signals UX, and control signals PC, CL, CX, B2, CN, andCQ in response to control signals CMD during calibration mode. Testsignals TX and control signals PC, CL, and CX are provided to write datatransmitter circuit 111. Test signals UX and control signals PC, CL, andCX are provided to command/address transmitter circuit 113. Controlsignals B2, CN, and CQ are provided to read data receiver circuit 112.Processor circuit 115 provides timing signals Q1 and C1 to write datatransmitter circuit 111 and command/address transmitter circuit 113,respectively, during calibration mode.

Write data transmitter circuit 111 generates test signals TY based ontest signals TX. Write data transmitter circuit 111 transmits testsignals TY to write data receiver circuit 121 through externalbidirectional bus 131. Test signals TY indicate a test pattern. Writedata transmitter circuit 111 transmits timing signal Q2 that isgenerated based on timing signal Q1 to write data receiver circuit 121through external conductor 132 during calibration mode. Write datareceiver circuit 121 captures the test pattern indicated by signals TYin response to timing signal Q2. Write data receiver circuit 121generates test signals TZ based on test signals TY.

Write data receiver circuit 121 generates a calibration signal H1 basedon the test pattern indicated by signals TY and timing signal Q2 incalibration mode. Timing signal Q2 is adjusted based on control signalPC in calibration mode. Write data receiver circuit 121 transmits thecalibration signal H1 to write data transmitter circuit 111 throughexternal conductor 135. Write data transmitter circuit 111 adjustsdelays provided to signals TY based on calibration signal H1 and controlsignal CL in calibration mode. The delays generated in signals TY duringcalibration mode are used to determine delays provided to signals WY inwrite data transmitter circuit 111 during subsequent write operations.

Command/address transmitter circuit 113 generates test signals UY basedon test signals UX. Command/address transmitter circuit 113 transmitstest signals UY to command/address receiver circuit 123 through externalbus 133. Test signals UY indicate a test pattern. Command/addresstransmitter circuit 113 transmits timing signal C2 that is generatedbased on timing signal C1 to command/address receiver circuit 123through external conductor 134 during calibration mode. Command/addressreceiver circuit 123 captures the test pattern indicated by test signalsUY in response to timing signal C2. Command/address receiver circuit 123generates test signals UZ based on test signals UY.

Command/address receiver circuit 123 generates a calibration signal H2based on the test pattern in signals UY and timing signal C2 incalibration mode. Timing signal C2 is adjusted based on control signalPC in calibration mode. Command/address receiver circuit 123 transmitsthe calibration signal H2 to command/address transmitter circuit 113through external conductor 136. Command/address transmitter circuit 113adjusts delays provided to signals UY based on calibration signal H2 andcontrol signal CL in calibration mode. The delays generated in signalsUY during calibration mode are used to determine delays provided tosignals AY in command/address transmitter circuit 113 during subsequentread and write operations.

Test signals UZ are provided to control circuit 126. Control circuit 126generates test signals VX and control signal B1 based on test signals UZduring calibration mode. Control signal B1 is provided to write datareceiver circuit 121 and to command/address receiver circuit 123. Testsignals VX are provided to read data transmitter circuit 122. Read datatransmitter circuit 122 generates test signals VY based on test signalsVX. Read data transmitter circuit 122 transmits test signals VY to readdata receiver circuit 112 through external bidirectional bus 131. Testsignals VY indicate a test pattern. Read data transmitter circuit 122transmits timing signal G4 that is generated based on timing signal C3to read data receiver circuit 112 through external conductor 132 duringcalibration mode. Read data receiver circuit 112 captures the testpattern indicated by signals VY in response to timing signal G4.

Read data receiver circuit 112 generates test signals VZ based on testsignals VY. Read data receiver circuit 112 adjusts delays provided tosignals VZ during the calibration mode in response to control signals B2and CN. The delays generated for signals VZ during calibration mode areused to determine delays provided to signals RZ in read data receivercircuit 112 during subsequent read operations.

FIG. 2A illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter circuit 201 and anembodiment of a receiver circuit 231. In an exemplary embodiment of FIG.1, write data transmitter circuit 111 is a first instance of transmittercircuit 201, command/address transmitter circuit 113 is a secondinstance of transmitter circuit 201, write data receiver circuit 121 isa first instance of receiver circuit 231, and command/address receivercircuit 123 is a second instance of receiver circuit 231.

Transmitter circuit 201 includes transmitting circuits 202, delaycircuits 211 and 213, multiplexer circuits 214 and 216, pin 218, andbuffer circuits 212, 215, and 217. Transmitting circuits 202 includetransmitting circuits 202A-202C. Transmitting circuit 202A includes Dflip-flop circuits 203-205, multiplexer circuit 206, buffer circuit 207,and pin 208. Each of flip-flop circuits 203-205 is a storage circuit.Pins 208 and 218 are external terminals of processor integrated circuit101. Buffer circuits 207 and 217 are interface circuits that providesignals to pins 208 and 218, respectively.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, transmitter circuit 201 may have anynumber of one or more transmitting circuits 202, such as transmittingcircuits 202A-202C. Three transmitting circuits 202A-202C are shown inFIG. 2A as an example. Transmitting circuits 202B-202C and the othertransmitting circuits 202 in transmitter circuit 201 have the samecircuit structure as transmitting circuit 202A. Each of the transmittingcircuits 202 in transmitter circuit 201 functions as described belowwith respect to transmitting circuit 202A.

Receiver circuit 231 includes receiving circuits 232, pin 241, andbuffer circuits 242 and 243. Receiving circuits 232 include receivingcircuits 232A-232C. Receiving circuit 232A includes pin 233, buffercircuit 234, and D flip-flop circuits 235-237. Each of flip-flopcircuits 235-237 is a storage circuit. Pins 233 and 241 are externalterminals of memory integrated circuit 130. Buffer circuits 234 and 242are interface circuits that receive signals from pins 233 and 241,respectively.

In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, receiver circuit 231 may have any numberof one or more receiving circuits 232, such as receiving circuits232A-232C. Three receiving circuits 232A-232C are shown in FIG. 2A as anexample. Receiving circuits 232B-232C and the other receiving circuits232 in receiver circuit 231 have the same circuit structure as receivingcircuit 232A. Each of the receiving circuits 232 in receiver circuit 231functions as described below with respect to receiving circuit 232A.

During each write operation, write data is provided to the firstinstance of transmitter circuit 201 (i.e., an example of write datatransmitter circuit 111) in signals WX, and a write command and anaddress are provided to the second instance of transmitter circuit 201(i.e., an example of command/address transmitter circuit 113) in signalsAX. If transmitter circuit 201 has an N number of transmitting circuits202, processor circuit 115 generates a 2N number of signals WX and a 2Nnumber of signals AX. Two of signals WX are provided to each of thetransmitting circuits 202 in the first instance of transmitter circuit201. Two of signals AX are provided to each of the transmitting circuits202 in the second instance of transmitter circuit 201.

In the first instance of transmitter circuit 201, signals D1 and D2 area subset of signals WX during write operations in normal mode. In thesecond instance of transmitter circuit 201, signals D1 and D2 are asubset of signals AX during read and write operations in normal mode.Signals D1 and D2 are provided to the D inputs of flip-flop circuits 203and 204, respectively, in transmitting circuit 202A.

In the first instance of transmitter circuit 201, timing signal Q1 isprovided to inputs of delay circuits 211 and 213 during write operationsin normal mode. In the second instance of transmitter circuit 201,timing signal C1 is provided to the inputs of delay circuits 211 and 213during read and write operations in normal mode. Processor circuit 115causes timing signal Q1 to be a digital periodic signal during writeoperations in normal mode and in calibration mode. Processor circuit 115causes timing signal C1 to be a digital periodic signal during read andwrite operations in normal mode and in calibration mode. Signals Q1 andC1 are also referred to as signal DQSP in the present disclosure withrespect to FIGS. 2A-4 and 10A-11B.

Delay circuit 211 delays timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) to generate adelayed timing signal El. The delayed timing signal E1 is provided to aninput of buffer circuit 212. Buffer circuit 212 buffers delayed timingsignal E1 to generate timing signal E2. Timing signal E2 is provided toan inverting clock input of each of flip-flop circuits 203-204, to aclock input of flip-flop circuit 205, and to a select input ofmultiplexer circuit 206 in each of transmitting circuits 202.

Flip-flop circuit 203 stores the value of signal D1 at its Q output insignal D3 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E2.Flip-flop circuit 204 stores the value of signal D2 at its Q output insignal D4 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E2.Flip-flop circuit 205 stores the value of signal D3 at its Q output insignal D5 in response to each rising edge in timing signal E2. Signal D4is provided to the 1 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 206, andsignal D5 is provided to the 0 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit206.

Timing signal E2 is a periodic signal during write operations.Multiplexer circuit 206 provides the value of signal D4 to its output insignal D6 when timing signal E2 is in a logic high state. Multiplexercircuit 206 provides the value of signal D5 to its output in signal D6when timing signal E2 is in a logic low state. Signal D6 is provided toan input of buffer circuit 207. Buffer circuit 207 buffers signal D6 togenerate signal D7 at pin 208. Signal D7 is also referred to as signalDQ in the present disclosure. Signal D7 (DQ) is transmitted to pin 233at the input of buffer circuit 234 in receiver circuit 232A. Signal D7(DQ) corresponds to one of signals WY and to one of signals AY in FIG. 1in respective first and second instances of transmitter circuit 201during normal mode. Buffer circuit 234 buffers signal D7 (DQ) togenerate signal D8. Signal D8 is also referred to as signal DQM withrespect to FIGS. 2A-3B and 10A-10B. Signal D8 (DQM) is provided to the Dinputs of flip-flop circuits 235-236.

Delay circuit 213 delays timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) to generate adelayed timing E3. Control signals CX are provided to control inputs ofdelay circuit 213. The delay of delay circuit 213 is adjustable. Thedelay of delay circuit 213 varies based on changes in control signalsCX. An example of delay circuit 213 is shown and described with respectto FIG. 7 and related figures in commonly-assigned U.S. provisionalpatent application 61/487,221, filed May 17, 2011, which is incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety.

Delayed timing signal E3 is provided to a first multiplexing input ofmultiplexer circuit 214. Control signal PC is provided to a select inputof multiplexer circuit 214. Control signal PC causes multiplexer circuit214 to provide the value of delayed timing signal E3 to its output intiming signal E4 during normal mode. Timing signal E4 is provided to aninput of buffer circuit 215. Buffer circuit 215 buffers timing signal E4to generate timing signal E5. Timing signal E5 is provided to a selectinput of multiplexer circuit 216.

Signals S1 and S0 are provided to multiplexing inputs of multiplexercircuit 216. During the normal and calibration modes, signal S1 has avalue that indicates a logic high state, and signal S0 has a value thatindicates a logic low state. For example, signal S1 may be generatedfrom a supply voltage, and signal S0 may be generated from a groundvoltage. Timing signal E5 is a periodic signal in normal and calibrationmodes. Multiplexer circuit 216 provides the value of signal S1 to itsoutput in timing signal E6 in odd numbered periods of timing signal E5.Multiplexer circuit 216 provides the value of signal S0 to its output intiming signal E6 in even numbered periods of timing signal E5. As aresult, timing signal E6 has a period and a duty cycle that matches theperiod and duty cycle of timing signal E5.

Timing signal E6 is provided to an input of buffer circuit 217. Buffercircuit 217 buffers timing signal E6 to generate timing signal E7 at pin218. Timing signal E7 corresponds to signals Q2 and C2 in FIG. 1 in therespective first and second instances of transmitter circuit 201. Timingsignal E7 is also referred to as signal DQS in the present disclosurewith respect to FIGS. 2A-4 and 10A-11A.

Timing signal E7 (DQS) is transmitted from pin 218 to pin 241 inreceiver circuit 231 at the input of buffer circuit 242. Buffer circuit242 buffers timing signal E7 (DQS) to generate timing signal E8. Timingsignal E8 is provided to an input of buffer circuit 243. Buffer circuit243 buffers timing signal E8 to generate timing signal E9. Timing signalE9 is also referred to as signal DQSM in the present disclosure withrespect to FIGS. 2A-4 and 10A-11B. In an embodiment, buffer circuit 243includes a chain of buffer circuits that are coupled together in series.The chain of buffer circuits in buffer circuit 243 may, for example, bean exponentially scaled buffer chain.

Timing signal E9 (DQSM) is provided to the inverting clock inputs offlip-flop circuits 235 and 237 and to the clock input of flip-flopcircuit 236 in each of the receiving circuits 232. Flip-flop circuit 235stores the value of signal D8 (DQM) at its Q output in signal D9 inresponse to each falling edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM). Flip-flopcircuit 236 stores the value of signal D8 (DQM) at its Q output insignal D10 in response to each rising edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).Flip-flop circuit 237 stores the value of signal D10 at its Q output insignal D11 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).Each of receiving circuits 232 generates a set of signals D9 and D11.The signals D9 and D11 generated by receiving circuits 232 arecollectively provided as signals WZ at outputs of the first instance ofreceiver circuit 231. The signals D9 and D11 generated by receivingcircuits 232 are collectively provided as signals AZ at outputs of thesecond instance of receiver circuit 231.

FIG. 2B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 2A. The timing diagram of FIG. 2B illustratesexemplary waveforms for timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP), timing signal E7(DQS), timing signal E9 (DQSM), signal D7 (DQ), and signal D8 (DQM)during normal mode. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 2B are generated ina double data rate embodiment of FIG. 2A.

Delay circuit 213 provides a delay tDQ-QUAD1 to timing signal E7 (DQS)relative to timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP). In an embodiment, the delaysof circuits 214-217 are small compared to the delay tDQ-QUAD1 of delaycircuit 213. In some embodiments, the delay of delay circuit 213 is setby control signals CX to cause delay tDQ-QUAD1 to equal one-half the bitperiod of signal D8 (DQM). For example, in a double data rateembodiment, delay tDQ-QUAD1 is a quadrature delay that equalsone-quarter of the period of timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP). Buffercircuit 243 provides a delay tDQ-BUF1 to timing signal E9 (DQSM)relative to timing signal E8. In an embodiment, the delay of buffercircuit 242 is small compared to the delay of buffer circuit 243.

Delay circuit 211 provides a delay tDQ-BUF3 to timing signal E1 relativeto timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP). Delay circuit 211 causes thetransitions in signals D7 (DQ) and D8 (DQM) to be delayed with respectto timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) by delay tDQ-BUF3, as shown in FIG. 2B.The delays of buffer circuits 207, 212, and 234 are small compared tothe delay tDQ-BUF3 of delay circuit 211 in the embodiment of FIG. 2B.The delays tDQ-BUF1 and tDQ-BUF3 are selected to cause the rising andfalling edges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) to occur at or near the centersof the bit periods of signal D8 (DQM), as shown for example in FIG. 2B,allowing flip-flop circuits 235-236 to capture the values of signal D8(DQM).

In an embodiment, the delay tDQ-BUF3 of delay circuit 211 is equal to orapproximately equal to delay tDQ-BUF1. Because delay circuit 211 is inthe circuit path that generates timing signal E2 in transmitter circuit201, receiver circuit 231 does not delay signal D8 (DQM) by a delayequal to tDQ-BUF1 using a replica circuit in each of the receivingcircuits 232. Delay circuit 211 may reduce the power consumption of thesystem of FIG. 2A, because delay circuit 211 eliminates the need to usea replica circuit in each of the receiving circuits 232 to generatesignal D8 (DQM). For example, if receiver circuit 231 has 8 receivingcircuits 232, one delay circuit 211 in transmitter circuit 201eliminates 8 replica circuits in the receiving circuits 232.

Variations in the processes, the temperatures, and the supply voltagesof integrated circuits 101 and 130 may cause the delay tDQ-BUF3 of delaycircuit 211 to be larger than or smaller than the delay tDQ-BUF1 ofbuffer circuit 243. In an embodiment shown in and described below withrespect to FIGS. 3A-3B, delay circuit 211 has an adjustable delaytDQ-BUF3 that is calibrated during the calibration mode to match delaytDQ-BUF1.

FIG. 3A illustrates additional portions of transmitter circuit 201 andreceiver circuit 231 that are used to calibrate the delay tDQ-BUF3 ofdelay circuit 211 during the calibration mode. In the embodiment of FIG.3A, receiver circuit 231 includes phase comparator circuit 301, buffercircuit 302, and pin 303. Transmitter circuit 201 includes pin 304,buffer circuit 305, and control circuit 306. The circuitry and signallines shown with thick black lines in FIG. 3A indicate circuitry andsignal lines that are not shown in FIG. 2A.

During calibration mode, processor circuit 115 generates test signalsTX, test signals UX, and timing signals Q1 and C1 (DQSP). Test signalsTX and timing signal Q1 are provided to the first instance oftransmitter circuit 201 (i.e., an example of write data transmittercircuit 111), and test signals UX and timing signal C1 are provided tothe second instance of transmitter circuit 201 (i.e., an example ofcommand/address transmitter circuit 113). Two of signals TX are providedto each of the transmitting circuits 202 in the first instance oftransmitter circuit 201. Two of signals UX are provided to each of thetransmitting circuits 202 in the second instance of transmitter circuit201.

In the first instance of transmitter circuit 201, signals D1 and D2 area subset of signals TX during calibration mode. In the second instanceof transmitter circuit 201, signals D1 and D2 are a subset of signals UXduring calibration mode. Signals D1 and D2 are provided to the D inputsof flip-flop circuits 203 and 204, respectively, as described above.Signal D7 (DQ) corresponds to one of signals TY and to one of signals UYin FIG. 1 in the respective first and second instances of transmittercircuit 201 during calibration mode. Signal D7 (DQ) has a test patternthat may be, for example, a repeating pattern of logic high and lowstates (i.e., 1010 . . . ) in calibration mode.

As shown in FIG. 3A, timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) is provided to asecond multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 214 in the respectivefirst and second instances of transmitter circuit 201. Duringcalibration mode, control circuit 116 generates a logic state in controlsignal PC that causes multiplexer circuit 214 to provide the value oftiming signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) directly to its output in signal E4,bypassing delay circuit 213. As result, timing signal E7 (DQS) is notdelayed by the delay of delay circuit 213.

FIG. 3B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 3A. The timing diagram of FIG. 3B illustratesexemplary waveforms for timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP), timing signal E7(DQS), timing signal E9 (DQSM), signal D7 (DQ), and signal D8 (DQM)during calibration mode. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 3B aregenerated in a double data rate embodiment of FIG. 3A.

As shown in FIG. 3B, the rising and falling edges of timing signal E7(DQS) are substantially aligned with the corresponding rising andfalling edges of timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP). In this embodiment, thedelays of circuits 214-217 are negligible. The transitions in signals D7(DQ) and D8 (DQM) are offset by delay tDQ-BUF3 after correspondingrising and falling edges of timing signal E7 (DQS), as shown in FIG. 3B.If delay tDQ-BUF3 equals delay tDQ-BUF1, then the rising and fallingedges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) align with corresponding transitions insignal D8 (DQM). However, variations in the processes, temperatures, andsupply voltages of integrated circuits 101 and 130 may cause delaytDQ-BUF3 to be different than delay tDQ-BUF1, as shown for example inFIG. 3B.

In an embodiment, control circuit 116 generates a constant logic highstate in signal D1 and a constant logic low state in signal D2 duringcalibration mode. When signal D1 is in a constant logic high state (1),and signal D2 is in a constant logic low state (0), multiplexer circuit206 generates a repeating test pattern of 1010101010 . . . in signalsD7-D8, as shown in FIG. 3B. A subset of signals TX or UX are data masksignals that instruct memory integrated circuit 130 not to store thetest pattern in memory circuit 125.

During normal mode, control circuit 126 generates a value in signal B1that disables phase comparator circuit 301. During calibration mode,control circuit 126 generates a value in signal B1 that enables phasecomparator circuit 301. When phase comparator circuit 301 is enabled bysignal B1 during calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 301 comparesthe phase of timing signal E9 (DQSM) to the phase of signal D8 (DQM) togenerate a phase comparison signal PH1. As an example that is notintended to be limiting, phase comparator circuit 301 may be a Dflip-flop circuit.

In an embodiment in which signal D8 (DQM) has a repeating test patternof 10101010 . . . during calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 301generates a first value in phase comparison signal PH1 in response tothe phase of signal D8 (DQM) being ahead of the phase of timing signalE9 (DQSM). In this embodiment, phase comparator circuit 301 generates asecond value in phase comparison signal PH1 in response to the phase ofsignal D8 (DQM) being behind the phase of timing signal E9 (DQSM).

Phase comparison signal PH1 is provided to an input of buffer circuit302. Buffer circuit 302 buffers phase comparison signal PH1 to generatephase comparison signal PH2 at pin 303. Phase comparison signal PH2 istransmitted to pin 304 in transmitter circuit 201 at the input of buffercircuit 305. Signal PH2 corresponds to signal H1 in FIG. 1 in the firstinstance of receiver circuit 231 and to signal H2 in FIG. 1 in thesecond instance of receiver circuit 231. In alternative embodiments,signal H1 is transmitted through bus 131 or conductor 132, and signal H2is transmitted through bus 133 or conductor 134. In another alternativeembodiment, the logic state of phase comparison signal PH1 is stored ina register circuit in receiver circuit 231 and transmitted totransmitter circuit 201 through a shared or dedicated externalconductor.

Buffer circuit 305 buffers phase comparison signal PH2 to generate phasecomparison signal PH3. Phase comparison signal PH3 is provided to aninput of control circuit 306. The value of phase comparison signal PH3is equal to the corresponding value of phase comparison signal PH1.

During calibration mode, control circuit 116 enables control circuit306. Control circuit 306 generates one or more control signals DC inresponse to phase comparison signal PH3 and control signal CL duringcalibration mode. As an example, control circuit 116 may generateperiodic oscillations in control signal CL during calibration mode.Control circuit 306 may, for example, be a counter circuit that varies acount value of control signals DC based on a value of phase comparisonsignal PH3 in response to periodic oscillations in control signal CL. Asanother example, control circuit 306 includes a charge pump generating asingle analog control signal DC that varies based on phase comparisonsignal PH3 when control circuit 306 is enabled by signal CL.

The one or more control signals DC are provided to control inputs ofdelay circuit 211. Delay circuit 211 has an adjustable delay tDQ-BUF3.Delay circuit 211 varies the delay tDQ-BUF3 provided to delayed timingsignal E1 relative to timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) based on changes inthe one or more control signals DC. In an embodiment, phase comparatorcircuit 301 and control circuit 306 cause the delay tDQ-BUF3 of delaycircuit 211 to be equal to or substantially equal to delay tDQ-BUF1during calibration mode.

For example, control circuit 306 may increase the delay tDQ-BUF3 ofdelay circuit 211 in response to a value in phase comparison signal PH3indicating the phase of signal D8 (DQM) is ahead of the phase of timingsignal E9 (DQSM). In this example, control circuit 306 decreases thedelay tDQ-BUF3 of delay circuit 211 in response to a value in phasecomparison signal PH3 indicating the phase of signal D8 (DQM) is behindthe phase of timing signal E9 (DQSM).

Calibration mode may, for example, be initiated at periodic intervals tocalibrate delay tDQ-BUF3. For example, processor integrated circuit 101may cause the system of FIG. 1 to enter calibration mode after every10-100 milliseconds of normal mode.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter circuit 401 and anembodiment of a receiver circuit 431 that includes replica circuits. Inan exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, write data transmitter circuit 111 isa first instance of transmitter circuit 401, command/address transmittercircuit 113 is a second instance of transmitter circuit 401, write datareceiver circuit 121 is a first instance of receiver circuit 431, andcommand/address receiver circuit 123 is a second instance of receivercircuit 431.

Transmitter circuit 401 includes transmitting circuits 202, delaycircuits 211 and 213, control circuit 306, multiplexer circuits 214,216, and 405, pins 218 and 304, and buffer circuits 212, 215, 217, and305. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, transmitter circuit 401 may have anynumber of transmitting circuits 202, such as transmitting circuits202A-202C.

Receiver circuit 431 includes receiving circuits 432, pins 241 and 303,multiplexer circuit 421, AND logic gate circuit 422, buffer circuits242-243 and 302, and phase comparator circuit 301. Receiving circuits432 include receiving circuits 432A-432C. Receiving circuit 432Aincludes pin 233, buffer circuit 234, D flip-flop circuits 235-237, ANDlogic gate circuit 411, buffer circuit 412, capacitor 413, andmultiplexer circuit 414.

Receiver circuit 431 may have any number of one or more receivingcircuits 432, such as receiving circuits 432A-432C. Three receivingcircuits 432A-432C are shown in FIG. 4 as an example. Receiving circuits432B-432C and the other receiving circuits 432 in receiver circuit 431have the same circuit structure as receiving circuit 432A. Each of thereceiving circuits 432 in receiver circuit 431 functions as describedbelow with respect to receiving circuit 432A.

In the embodiment of FIG. 4, each of the receiving circuits 432 has areplica circuit that includes AND logic gate circuit 411, buffer circuit412, and capacitor 413. Signal D8 generated by buffer circuit 234 isprovided to a first input of AND logic gate circuit 411 and to the 0multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 414. A select signal L1Z isprovided to a second input of AND logic gate circuit 411 and to a selectinput of multiplexer circuit 414. The circuitry and signal lines shownwith thick lines in FIG. 4 indicate circuitry and signal lines that areadded relative to FIG. 3A.

AND logic gate circuit 411 generates an output signal DM by performingan AND logic function using the values of signals L1Z and D8. Buffercircuit 412 buffers signal DM to generate signal DN at the 1multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 414. Capacitor 413 is coupledbetween the output of buffer circuit 412 and a node at a ground voltage.Multiplexer circuit 414 generates a selected signal DP at its output.Selected signal DP is also referred to as signal DQM with respect toFIG. 4. Selected signal DP (DQM) is provided to the D inputs offlip-flop circuits 235-236 and to an input of phase comparator circuit301. The combined delay of the replica circuit and multiplexer circuit414 is tDQ-BUF2.

Receiver circuit 431 also includes AND logic gate circuit 422 andmultiplexer circuit 421. Timing signal E8 is provided to a firstmultiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 421. A signal M1 having aconstant logic high state is provided to a select input of multiplexercircuit 421 and to a first input of AND logic gate circuit 422. Theconstant logic high state in signal M1 causes multiplexer circuit 421 toprovide the value of timing signal E8 to its output in timing signal EM.Timing signal EM is provided to a second input of AND logic gate circuit422. AND logic gate circuit 422 generates a timing signal EN byperforming an AND logic function using the values of signals EM and Ml.Because signal M1 has a constant logic high state, AND logic gatecircuit 422 causes timing signal EN to have the same logic state astiming signal EM. Buffer circuit 243 buffers timing signal EN togenerate timing signal E9 (DQSM) in the embodiment of FIG. 4.

Transmitter circuit 401 includes an additional multiplexer circuit 405.Timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) is provided to a first multiplexing inputof multiplexer circuit 405 in the respective first and second instancesof transmitter circuit 401. The delayed timing signal E1 generated bydelay circuit 211 is provided to the second multiplexing input ofmultiplexer circuit 405. A select signal L1 is provided to a selectinput of multiplexer circuit 405. Multiplexer circuit 405 generates atiming signal ES at its output. Buffer circuit 212 buffers timing signalES to generate timing signal E2 in the embodiment of FIG. 4. Selectsignal L1 may, for example, be generated by control circuit 116, storedin a register, transmitted to memory integrated circuit 130, and used togenerate select signal L1Z. As another example, each of select signalsL1 and L1Z is generated based on a signal provided from a pin and storedin a register.

Transmitter circuit 401 and receiver circuit 431 are configurable tooperate in normal mode and in calibration mode. During normal andcalibration modes, each of the receiving circuits 432 provides theinformation in signal D8 through a circuit path that bypasses thereplica circuit. During normal and calibration modes, signal L1Z has alogic low state that causes multiplexer circuit 414 to provide the valueof signal D8 to its output in selected signal DP (DQM). Flip-flopcircuits 235 and 236 store the value of selected signal DP (DQM) attheir Q outputs in signals D9 and D10 in response to falling and risingedges of timing signal E9 (DQSM), respectively.

Signal L1 has a logic state during normal and calibration modes thatcauses multiplexer circuit 405 to provide the value of delayed timingsignal E1 to its output in timing signal ES. Phase comparator circuit301 compares timing signal E9 (DQSM) to selected signal DP (DQM) incalibration mode. Control circuit 306 causes the delay of delay circuit211 to match the combined delay of buffer circuit 242, multiplexercircuit 421, AND logic gate circuit 422, and buffer circuit 243 duringcalibration mode.

Transmitter circuit 401 and receiver circuit 431 are also configurableto operate in a replica mode. During replica mode, signal L1Z has alogic high state. When signal L1Z has a logic high state, AND logic gatecircuit 411 causes signal DM to have the same logic state as signal D8,and multiplexer circuit 414 provides the value of signal DN to itsoutput in selected signal DP (DQM). Select signal PC has a logic statein replica mode that causes multiplexer circuit 214 to provide the valueof delayed timing signal E3 to its output in timing signal E4. Signal B1disables phase comparator circuit 301 in replica mode.

Signal L1 has a logic state during replica mode that causes multiplexercircuit 405 to provide the value of timing signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) to itsoutput in timing signal ES. Because selected signal DP (DQM) is delayedby the replica circuit during replica mode, multiplexer circuit 405causes signal Q1 or C1 (DQSP) to bypass delay circuit 211. The delaytDQ-BUF2 provided to signal DP (DQM) by AND logic gate circuit 411,buffer circuit 412, capacitor 413, and multiplexer circuit 414 matchesthe delay tDQ-BUF1 provided to timing signal E9 (DQSM) by multiplexercircuit 421, AND logic gate circuit 422, and buffer circuit 243.Capacitor 413 has the same capacitance as the output capacitance ofbuffer circuit 243. In replica mode, the rising and falling edges oftiming signal E9 (DQSM) are at or near the centers of the bit periods ofsignal DP (DQM).

FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter circuit 531 and anembodiment of a receiver circuit 501. In an exemplary embodiment of FIG.1, transmitter circuit 531 is an embodiment of read data transmittercircuit 122, and receiver circuit 501 is an embodiment of read datareceiver circuit 112.

Transmitter circuit 531 includes transmitter circuits 532, buffercircuits 541-542, multiplexer circuit 543, buffer circuit 544, and pin545. Transmitting circuits 532 include transmitting circuits 532A-532C.Transmitting circuit 532A includes D flip-flop circuits 533-535,multiplexer circuit 536, buffer circuit 537, and pin 538. Each offlip-flop circuits 533-535 is a storage circuit. Pins 538 and 545 areexternal terminals of memory integrated circuit 130. Buffer circuits 537and 544 are interface circuits that provide signals to pins 538 and 545,respectively.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5A, transmitter circuit 531 may have anynumber of one or more transmitting circuits 532, such as transmittingcircuits 532A-532C. Three transmitting circuits 532A-532C are shown inFIG. 5A as an example. Transmitting circuits 532B-532C and the othertransmitting circuits 532 in transmitter circuit 531 have the samecircuit structure as transmitting circuit 532A. Each of the transmittingcircuits 532 in transmitter circuit 531 functions as described belowwith respect to transmitting circuit 532A.

Receiver circuit 501 includes receiving circuits 502, pin 511, buffercircuit 512, delay circuit 513, and buffer circuit 514. Receivingcircuits 502 include receiving circuits 502A-502C. Receiving circuit502A includes D flip-flop circuits 503-505, buffer circuit 506, and pin507. Each of flip-flop circuits 503-505 is a storage circuit. Pins 507and 511 are external terminals of processor integrated circuit 101.Buffer circuits 506 and 512 are interface circuits that receive signalsfrom pins 507 and 511, respectively.

Receiver circuit 501 may have any number of one or more receivingcircuits 502, such as receiving circuits 502A-502C. Three receivingcircuits 502A-502C are shown in FIG. 5A as an example. Receivingcircuits 502B-502C and the other receiving circuits 502 in receivercircuit 501 have the same circuit structure as receiving circuit 502A.Each of the receiving circuits 502 in receiver circuit 501 functions asdescribed below with respect to receiving circuit 502A.

During each read operation, processor circuit 115 provides signals AXthat indicate a read command and an address to command/addresstransmitter circuit 113. Command/address receiver circuit 123 generatessignals AZ that indicate the read command and the address, as describedabove with respect to FIG. 1. Memory circuit 125 accesses read datastored in one or more memory locations identified by the address inresponse to the read command. Memory circuit 125 provides signals RXthat indicate the read data to read data transmitter circuit 122 innormal mode.

A description is now provided for receiver circuit 501 and transmittercircuit 531 during normal mode. Referring to FIG. 5A, two of signals RXare provided to each of the transmitting circuits 532 in normal mode.Signals R1 and R2 are provided to transmitting circuit 532A. Signals R1and R2 are a subset of signals RX during read operations in normal mode.Signals R1 and R2 are provided to the D inputs of flip-flop circuits 533and 535, respectively, in transmitting circuit 532A.

Timing signal C3 is provided to the inputs of buffer circuits 541-542.Timing signal C3 is also referred to as signal DQSM in the presentdisclosure with respect to FIGS. 5A-9C and 12A-12B. In an embodiment,timing signal C3 (DQSM) is timing signal E9 (DQSM) generated by thesecond instance of receiver circuit 231 or 431. Buffer circuit 541buffers timing signal C3 (DQSM) to generate timing signal G1. Timingsignal G1 is provided to a select input of multiplexer circuit 536, tothe clock input of flop-flop circuit 534, and to the inverting clockinputs of flip-flop circuits 533 and 535 in each of transmittingcircuits 532.

Buffer circuit 542 buffers timing signal C3 (DQSM) to generate timingsignal G2. Timing signal G2 is provided to a select input of multiplexercircuit 543. Signals S2 and S3 are provided to multiplexing inputs ofmultiplexer circuit 543. During the normal and calibration modes, signalS3 has a value that indicates a logic high state, and signal S2 has avalue that indicates a logic low state. For example, signal S3 may begenerated from a supply voltage, and signal S2 may be generated from aground voltage. Multiplexer circuit 543 provides the value of signal S3to its output in timing signal G3 in odd numbered periods of timingsignal G2. Multiplexer circuit 543 provides the value of signal S2 toits output in timing signal G3 in even numbered periods of timing signalG2. As a result, timing signal G3 has a period and a duty cycle thatmatches the period and duty cycle of timing signal G2.

Buffer circuit 544 buffers timing signal G3 to generate a timing signalG4 at pin 545. Timing signal G4 is also referred to as timing signal DQSin the present disclosure with respect to FIGS. 5A-9C and 12A-12B.Timing signal G4 (DQS) is transmitted to pin 511 at the input of buffercircuit 512 in receiver circuit 501. Buffer circuit 512 buffers timingsignal G4 (DQS) to generate timing signal G5. Timing signal G5 isprovided to an input of delay circuit 513.

Delay circuit 513 delays timing signal G5 by a delay tDQ-BUF6 togenerate a delayed timing signal G6. Delayed timing signal G6 isprovided to an input of buffer circuit 514. In an embodiment, buffercircuit 514 includes a chain of buffer circuits that are coupledtogether in series. The chain of buffer circuits in buffer circuit 514may, as an example, be an exponentially scaled buffer chain. Buffercircuit 514 buffers delayed timing signal G6 by a delay tDQ-BUF4 togenerate timing signal G7. Timing signal G7 is also referred to astiming signal DQSP in the present disclosure with respect to FIGS. 5A-9Cand 12A-12B. Timing signal G7 (DQSP) is provided to the clock input offlip-flop circuit 505 and to the inverting clock inputs of flip-flopcircuits 503-504.

During each read operation, flip-flop circuits 533 and 535 store thevalues of signals R1 and R2 at their Q outputs in signals R3 and R4,respectively, in response to each falling edge in timing signal G1.Flip-flop circuit 534 stores the value of signal R3 at its Q output insignal R5 in response to each rising edge in timing signal G1. Signal R4is provided to the 1 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 536, andsignal R5 is provided to the 0 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit536.

Multiplexer circuit 536 provides the value of signal R4 to its output insignal R6 during each logic high state in timing signal G1. Multiplexercircuit 536 provides the value of signal R5 to its output in signal R6during each logic low state in timing signal G1. The delay thatmultiplexer circuit 543 provides to timing signal G3 matches the delaythat multiplexer circuit 536 provides to signal R6. Signal R6 isprovided to an input of buffer circuit 537.

Buffer circuit 537 buffers signal R6 to generate signal R7 at pin 538.Signal R7 is also referred to as signal DQ in the present disclosurewith respect to FIGS. 5A-9C and 12A-12B. Signal R7 (DQ) is transmittedto pin 507 at the input of buffer circuit 506 in receiver circuit 502A.Signal R7 (DQ) corresponds to one of signals RY in FIG. 1 during normalmode. Buffer circuit 506 buffers signal R7 (DQ) to generate signal R8.Signal R8 is also referred to as signal DQP in the present disclosurewith respect to FIGS. 5A-6B. Signal R8 (DQP) is provided to the D inputsof flip-flop circuits 503 and 505.

Flip-flop circuit 503 stores the value of signal R8 (DQP) at its Qoutput in signal R9 in response to each falling edge in timing signal G7(DQSP). Flip-flop circuit 505 stores the value of signal R8 (DQP) at itsQ output in signal R10 in response to each rising edge in timing signalG7 (DQSP). Flip-flop circuit 504 stores the value of signal R10 at its Qoutput in signal R11 in response to each falling edge in timing signalG7 (DQSP). Each of receiving circuits 502 generates a set of signals R9and R11. The signals R9 and R11 generated by receiving circuits 502 arecollectively provided as signals RZ at outputs of receiver circuit 501.Signals RZ indicate the read data for a read operation.

FIG. 5B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 5A. The timing diagram of FIG. 5B illustratesexemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM), timing signal G4 (DQS),timing signal G7 (DQSP), signal R7 (DQ), and signal R8 (DQP) duringnormal mode. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 5B are generated in adouble data rate embodiment of FIG. 5A.

In the embodiment of FIG. 5B, the combined delay of buffer circuit 542,multiplexer circuit 543, and buffer circuit 544 is small. Thus, therising and falling edges of timing signal G4 (DQS) are approximatelyaligned with corresponding rising and falling edges of timing signal C3(DQSM), as shown in FIG. 5B. The transitions in signal R7 (DQ) arealigned with the rising and falling edges of timing signal G4 (DQS),because the delays of buffer circuit 542, multiplexer circuit 543, andbuffer circuit 544 match the delays of buffer circuit 541, multiplexercircuit 536, and buffer circuit 537, respectively.

In an embodiment, the delays of buffer circuits 506 and 512 are small.Delay circuit 513 and buffer circuit 514 delay timing signal G7 (DQSP)relative to timing signal G4 (DQS), as shown in FIG. 5B. Delay circuit513 and buffer circuit 514 delay timing signal G7 (DQSP) to cause therising and falling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) to occur at or nearthe centers of the bit periods of signal R8 (DQP), as shown in FIG. 5B,allowing flip-flop circuits 503 and 505 to capture the values of signalR8 (DQP).

Each of the receiving circuits 502 lacks a replica circuit coupledbetween buffer circuit 506 and flip-flop circuits 503 and 505 thatreplicates the delays of delay circuit 513 and buffer circuit 514.Receiver circuit 501 consumes less power than a receiver circuit havinga replica circuit in each of the receiving circuits.

Variations in the processes, the temperatures, and the supply voltagesof integrated circuits 101 and 130 may cause the combined delay of delaycircuit 513 and buffer circuit 514 to be greater than or less thanone-half of the bit period of signal R8 (DQP). In an embodiment shown inand described below with respect to FIGS. 6A-6B, delay circuit 513 hasan adjustable delay tDQ-BUF6 that is calibrated during the calibrationmode to cause the combined delay of delay circuit 513 and buffer circuit514 to equal one-half of the bit period of signal R8 (DQP). In anembodiment, the delay tDQ-BUF4 of buffer circuit 514 is fixed andnon-adjustable.

FIG. 6A illustrates additional circuitry in receiver circuit 501 that isused to calibrate the delay tDQ-BUF6 of delay circuit 513 duringcalibration mode. In the embodiment of FIG. 6A, receiver circuit 501includes delay circuit 601, phase comparator circuit 602, and controlcircuit 603. FIG. 6A also shows transmitter circuit 531. The circuitryand signal lines shown with thick lines in FIG. 6A indicate circuitryand signal lines that are not shown in FIG. 5A.

During calibration mode, control circuit 126 generates test signals VXbased on test signals UZ, as described above with respect to FIG. 1.Test signals VX and timing signal C3 (DQSM) are provided to transmittercircuit 531 (i.e., an example of read data transmitter circuit 122). Twoof signals VX are provided to each of the transmitting circuits 532 intransmitter circuit 531. Signals R1 and R2 are a subset of signals VXduring calibration mode. Signals R1 and R2 are provided to the D inputsof flip-flop circuits 533 and 535, respectively, as described above.Signal R7 (DQ) generated by transmitter circuit 531 corresponds to oneof signals VY in FIG. 1 during calibration mode. Signal R7 (DQ) has atest pattern that may be, for example, a repeating pattern of logic highand low states (i.e., 1010 . . . ) in calibration mode.

FIG. 6B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 6A. The timing diagram of FIG. 6B illustratesexemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM), timing signal G4 (DQS),timing signal G7 (DQSP), signal R8 (DQP), and signal R12 (DQP′) duringcalibration mode. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 6B are generated in adouble data rate embodiment of FIG. 6A.

Signal R8 (DQP) has a repeating test pattern of 10101010 . . . duringcalibration mode as shown in FIG. 6B. Delay circuit 601 in receivercircuit 501 delays signal R8 (DQP) by a delay tDQ-QUAD2 to generate adelayed signal R12, as shown in FIG. 6B. In some embodiments, delaytDQ-QUAD2 equals one-half the bit period of signal R8 (DQP). Forexample, in a double data rate embodiment of FIG. 6A, delay tDQ-QUAD2 isa quadrature delay that equals one-quarter of the period of timingsignal G4 (DQS). Delayed signal R12 is also referred to as signal DQP′in the present disclosure. Delayed signal R12 (DQP′) also has arepeating test pattern of 10101010 . . . as shown in FIG. 6B.

Control signals CQ are provided to control inputs of delay circuit 601.The delay tDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit 601 is adjustable. The delaytDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit 601 varies based on changes in controlsignals CQ. In an embodiment, control signals CQ cause the delaytDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit 601 to equal one-half the bit period ofsignal R8 (DQP). An example of delay circuit 601 is shown in anddescribed with respect to FIG. 7 and its related figures in U.S.provisional patent application 61/487,221, referenced above.

Control signal B2 is provided to an input of phase comparator circuit602. During normal mode, control circuit 116 generates a value incontrol signal B2 that disables phase comparator circuit 602. Duringcalibration mode, control circuit 116 generates a value in controlsignal B2 that enables phase comparator circuit 602.

Timing signal G7 (DQSP) and delayed signal R12 (DQP′) are provided toinputs of phase comparator circuit 602. When phase comparator circuit602 is enabled by control signal B2 during calibration mode, phasecomparator circuit 602 compares the phase of timing signal G7 (DQSP) tothe phase of delayed signal R12 (DQP′) to generate a phase comparisonsignal J1. Phase comparison signal J1 indicates if the phase of timingsignal G7 (DQSP) is aligned with the phase of delayed signal R12 (DQP′).As an example that is not intended to be limiting, phase comparatorcircuit 602 may be a D flip-flop circuit.

In an embodiment in which signal R12 (DQP′) has a repeating test patternof 10101010 . . . during calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 602generates a first value in phase comparison signal J1 in response to thephase of signal R12 (DQP′) being ahead of the phase of timing signal G7(DQSP). In this embodiment, phase comparator circuit 602 generates asecond value in phase comparison signal J1 in response to the phase ofsignal R12 (DQP′) being behind the phase of timing signal G7 (DQSP).

Phase comparison signal J1 is provided to an input of control circuit603. Control signal CN is provided to another input of control circuit603. During calibration mode, control circuit 116 enables controlcircuit 603 using control signal CN. Control circuit 603 generates oneor more control signals J2 based on phase comparison signal J1 andcontrol signal CN during calibration mode.

For example, control circuit 603 may include a counter circuit thatvaries a count value of control signals J2 based on a value of phasecomparison signal J1 when control circuit 603 is enabled by controlsignal CN. As another example, control circuit 603 may include a chargepump that generates a single analog control signal J2. Control circuit603 varies the single analog control signal J2 based on phase comparisonsignal J1 when control circuit 603 is enabled by control signal CN.

The one or more control signals J2 are provided to control inputs ofdelay circuit 513. Delay circuit 513 varies the delay tDQ-BUF6 providedto delayed timing signal G6 relative to timing signal G5 based onchanges in the one or more control signals J2. During calibration mode,phase comparator circuit 602 and control circuit 603 cause the delaytDQ-BUF6 of delay circuit 513 to equal or substantially equal the delaytDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit 601 minus the delay tDQ-BUF4 of buffercircuit 514.

For example, control circuit 603 may decrease the delay tDQ-BUF6 ofdelay circuit 513 in response to a value in phase comparison signal J1indicating the phase of signal R12 (DQP′) is ahead of the phase oftiming signal G7 (DQSP). In this example, control circuit 603 increasesthe delay tDQ-BUF6 of delay circuit 513 in response to a value in phasecomparison signal J1 indicating the phase of signal R12 (DQP′) is behindthe phase of timing signal G7 (DQSP). The calibration mode may, forexample, be initiated at periodic intervals to calibrate delay tDQ-BUF6.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a receiver circuit 701 that includesa replica circuit in each of the receiving circuits. FIG. 7 alsoillustrates transmitter circuit 531. In an exemplary embodiment of FIG.1, transmitter circuit 531 is an embodiment of read data transmittercircuit 122, and receiver circuit 701 is an embodiment of read datareceiver circuit 112.

Receiver circuit 701 includes receiving circuits 702, pin 511, buffercircuit 512, delay circuit 513, multiplexer circuit 711, AND logic gatecircuit 712, buffer circuit 514, delay circuit 601, phase comparatorcircuit 602, and control circuit 603. Receiving circuits 702 includereceiving circuits 702A-702C. Receiving circuit 702A includes Dflip-flop circuits 503-505, buffer circuit 506, pin 507, AND logic gatecircuit 707, buffer circuit 703, capacitor 704, and multiplexer circuit705. The circuitry and signal lines shown with thick lines in FIG. 7indicate circuitry and signal lines that are added relative to FIG. 6A.

Receiver circuit 701 may have any number of one or more receivingcircuits 702, such as receiving circuits 702A-702C. Three receivingcircuits 702A-702C are shown in FIG. 7 as an example. Receiving circuits702B-702C and the other receiving circuits 702 in receiver circuit 701have the same circuit structure as receiving circuit 702A. Each of thereceiving circuits 702 in receiver circuit 701 functions as describedbelow with respect to receiving circuit 702A.

In the embodiment of FIG. 7, receiver circuit 701 receives signals R7(DQ) and G4 (DQS) at pins 507 and 511, respectively, from transmittercircuit 531 during a read operation and during calibration mode. Thesignal R8 generated by buffer circuit 506 is provided to a first inputof AND logic gate circuit 707 and to the 0 multiplexing input ofmultiplexer circuit 705 in receiver circuit 701. A select signal L2 isprovided to a second input of AND logic gate circuit 707 and to a selectinput of multiplexer circuit 705. Select signal L2 may, for example, begenerated by control circuit 116. As another example, select signal L2may be generated based on a signal provided from a pin and stored in aregister.

AND logic gate circuit 707 generates an output signal RM by performingan AND logic function using the values of signals L2 and R8. Buffercircuit 703 buffers signal RM to generate a buffered signal RN that isprovided to the 1 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 705.Capacitor 704 is coupled between the output of buffer circuit 703 and anode at a ground voltage. Multiplexer circuit 705 generates a selectedsignal RP at its output. Selected signal RP is also referred to assignal DQP with respect to FIGS. 7 and 12A-12B. Selected signal RP (DQP)is provided to the D inputs of flip-flop circuits 503 and 505 and to aninput of delay circuit 601. In the embodiment of FIG. 7, delay circuit601 delays signal RP (DQP) to generate delayed signal R12 (DQP′).

The delayed timing signal G6 generated by delay circuit 513 is providedto a multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 711. A signal M2 having aconstant logic high state is provided to a select input of multiplexercircuit 711 and to a first input of

AND logic gate circuit 712. The constant logic high state in signal M2causes multiplexer circuit 711 to provide the value of timing signal G6to its output in timing signal GM. Timing signal GM is provided to asecond input of AND logic gate circuit 712. AND logic gate circuit 712generates a timing signal GN by performing an AND logic function usingthe values of signals M2 and GM. Because signal M2 has a constant logichigh state, AND logic gate circuit 712 causes timing signal GN to havethe same logic state as timing signal GM. Buffer circuit 514 bufferstiming signal GN to generate timing signal G7 (DQSP) in the embodimentof FIG. 7. In receiver circuit 701, flip-flop circuits 503 and 505 storethe value of signal RP (DQP) at their Q outputs in response to fallingand rising edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP), respectively.

Transmitter circuit 531 and receiver circuit 701 are configurable tooperate in normal and calibration modes. Each of the receiving circuits702 in receiver circuit 701 has a replica circuit that includes ANDlogic gate circuit 707, buffer circuit 703, and capacitor 704. Duringnormal and calibration modes, each of the receiving circuits 702provides the information in signal R8 through a circuit path thatbypasses the replica circuit. During normal and calibration modes,signal L2 has a logic low state that causes multiplexer circuit 705 toprovide the value of signal R8 to its output in selected signal RP(DQP). In calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 602 and controlcircuit 603 cause the delay of delay circuit 513 to equal the delaytDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit 601 minus the delays AND logic gate circuit712 and buffer circuit 514.

Receiver circuit 701 is also configurable to operate in replica mode.During replica mode, signal L2 has a logic high state. When signal L2has a logic high state, AND logic gate circuit 707 causes signal RM tohave the same logic state as signal R8, and multiplexer circuit 705provides the value of signal RN to its output in signal RP (DQP). Thus,signal RP (DQP) is delayed by the replica circuit in replica mode. Thereplica circuit and multiplexer circuit 705 provide a delay tDQ-BUFS tosignal RP (DQP) in replica mode relative to signal R7 (DQ). The delaytDQ-BUFS provided to signal RP (DQP) by AND logic gate circuit 707,buffer circuit 703, capacitor 704, and multiplexer circuit 705 matchesthe delay tDQ-BUF4 provided to timing signal G7 (DQSP) by AND logic gatecircuit 712, buffer circuit 514, and multiplexer circuit 711. Capacitor704 has the same capacitance as the output capacitance of buffer circuit514.

During replica mode, receiver circuit 701 receives read data in signalR7 (DQ) from transmitter circuit 531 during read operations. In anembodiment, receiver circuit 701 periodically switches between replicamode and calibration mode. During a calibration mode following a replicamode, phase comparator circuit 602 and control circuit 603 cause thedelay of delay circuit 513 to equal the delay tDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit601.

FIG. 8A illustrates an embodiment of a receiver circuit 801 thatincludes an additional buffer circuit in each of the receiving circuitsin the read data path. FIG. 8A also illustrates transmitter circuit 531.In an exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, transmitter circuit 531 is anembodiment of read data transmitter circuit 122, and receiver circuit801 is an embodiment of read data receiver circuit 112.

Receiver circuit 801 includes receiving circuits 802, pin 511, buffercircuit 512, delay circuit 513, buffer circuit 514, delay circuit 601,phase comparator circuit 602, and control circuit 603. Receivingcircuits 802 include receiving circuits 802A-802C. Receiving circuit802A includes D flip-flop circuits 503-505, buffer circuit 506, pin 507,and buffer circuit 803. Buffer circuit 803 is shown with thick lines inFIG. 8A to indicate that it has been added relative to the embodiment ofFIG. 6A.

Receiver circuit 801 may have any number of one or more receivingcircuits 802, such as receiving circuits 802A-802C. Three receivingcircuits 802A-802C are shown in FIG. 8A as an example. Receivingcircuits 802B-802C and the other receiving circuits 802 in receivercircuit 801 have the same circuit structure as receiving circuit 802A.Each of the receiving circuits 802 in receiver circuit 801 functions asdescribed below with respect to receiving circuit 802A.

In the embodiment of FIG. 8A, the minimum delay tDQ-BUF6(MIN) of delaycircuit 513 plus the maximum delay tDQ-BUF4(MAX) of buffer circuit 514is greater than tDQ-QUAD2 (i.e., tDQ-BUF6(MIN) +tDQ-BUF4(MAX)>tDQ-QUAD2). The delay of buffer circuit 514 may vary, for example, inresponse to changes in the process, the temperature, and a supplyvoltage in processor integrated circuit 101. Without additional delaysin the read data paths, the rising and falling edges of timing signal G7(DQSP) occur after the centers of the bit periods of signal R8 whenbuffer circuit 514 has its maximum delay. In receiver circuit 801, anadditional buffer circuit 803 is coupled between buffer circuit 506 andflip-flop circuits 503 and 505 in each of receiving circuits 802 todelay signal R8. The delay tDQ-UNCAL of the additional buffer circuit803 may, for example, be greater than or equal totDQ-BUF6(MIN)+tDQ-BUF4(MAX)−tDQ-QUAD2. In an embodiment, buffer circuit803 includes a chain of buffer circuits that are coupled together inseries. Buffer circuit 803 may have a fixed delay or an adjustabledelay.

Receiver circuit 801 receives signals R7 (DQ) and G4 (DQS) at pins 507and 511, respectively, from transmitter circuit 531 during a readoperation and during calibration mode. The signal R8 generated by buffercircuit 506 is provided to an input of buffer circuit 803. Buffercircuit 803 buffers signal R8 to generate a signal RS. Signal RS is alsoreferred to as signal DQP in the present disclosure with respect toFIGS. 8A-8C. Buffer circuit 803 provides a delay of tDQ-UNCAL to signalRS (DQP) relative to signal R8. Signal RS (DQP) is provided to the Dinputs of flip-flop circuits 503 and 505 and to an input of delaycircuit 601. In the embodiment of FIG. 8A, delay circuit 601 delayssignal RS (DQP) to generate delayed signal R12 (DQP′). Flip-flopcircuits 503 and 505 store the value of signal RS (DQP) at their Qoutputs in signals R9 and R10 in response to falling and rising edges oftiming signal G7 (DQSP), respectively.

FIG. 8B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 8A during normal mode. The timing diagram ofFIG. 8B illustrates exemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM),timing signal G4 (DQS), timing signal G7 (DQSP), signal R7 (DQ), andsignal RS (DQP). The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 8B are generated in adouble data rate embodiment of FIG. 8A.

Delay circuit 513 delays timing signal G5 by a delay tDQ-BUF6 togenerate timing signal G6. Buffer circuit 514 delays timing signal G6 bya delay tDQ-BUF4 to generate timing signal G7 (DQSP). As shown in FIG.8B, timing signal G7 (DQSP) has a delay equal to tDQ-BUF6 +tDQ-BUF4relative to timing signal G4 (DQS). In the embodiment of FIG. 8B, thedelay of buffer circuit 512 is negligible compared to delays tDQ-BUF6and tDQ-BUF4.

The delay of buffer circuit 506 is negligible compared to the delaytDQ-UNCAL of buffer circuit 803. Signal RS (DQP) has a delay equal totDQ-UNCAL relative to signal R7 (DQ). Delay circuit 601 delays signal RS(DQP) by a delay tDQ-QUAD2 to generate signal R12 (DQP′). In anembodiment, delay tDQ-QUAD2 equals one-half the bit period of signal RS(DQP). The embodiment of FIG. 8A generates rising and falling edges intiming signal G7 (DQSP) that occur in the centers of the bit periods ofsignal RS (DQP), as shown in FIG. 8B, allowing flip-flop circuits 503and 505 to capture accurate values of signal RS (DQP).

FIG. 8C is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 8A during calibration mode. The timing diagramof FIG. 8C illustrates exemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM),timing signal G4 (DQS), timing signal G7 (DQSP), signal R7 (DQ), andsignal R12 (DQP′). The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 8C are generated in adouble data rate embodiment of FIG. 8A.

As shown in FIG. 8C, a repeating test pattern of 101010 . . . isgenerated in signal R7 (DQ) and in signal R12 (DQP′) during calibrationmode. Signal R12 (DQP′) is delayed by tDQ-QUAD2+tDQ-UNCAL relative tosignal R7 (DQ). During calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 602and control circuit 603 align the rising and falling edges of timingsignal G7 (DQSP) with corresponding transitions in signal R12 (DQP′) byadjusting the delay tDQ-BUF6 of delay circuit 513, as described abovewith respect to FIGS. 6A-6B.

FIG. 9A illustrates an embodiment of the read data transmitter circuitof FIG. 1 providing read data that is delayed relative to the timingsignal used to capture the read data. The delay in the read datacompensates for a delay added to the timing signal in the read datareceiver circuit. FIG. 9A illustrates a transmitter circuit 931 andreceiver circuit 501. In an exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, transmittercircuit 931 is an embodiment of read data transmitter circuit 122, andreceiver circuit 501 is an embodiment of read data receiver circuit 112.

Transmitter circuit 931 includes transmitting circuits 932, buffercircuits 541-542, multiplexer circuit 543, buffer circuit 544, and pin545. Transmitting circuits 932 include transmitting circuits 932A-932C.Transmitting circuit 932A includes D flip-flop circuits 533-535, Dflip-flop circuits 911-912, multiplexer circuit 936, buffer circuit 537,and pin 538.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9A, transmitter circuit 931 may have anynumber of one or more transmitting circuits 932, such as transmittingcircuits 932A-932C. Three transmitting circuits 932A-932C are shown inFIG. 9A as an example. Transmitting circuits 932B-932C and any othertransmitting circuits 932 in transmitter circuit 931 have the samecircuit structure as transmitting circuit 932A. Each of the transmittingcircuits 932 in transmitter circuit 931 functions as described belowwith respect to transmitting circuit 932A.

In the embodiment of FIG. 9A, the minimum adjustable delay tDQ-BUF6(MIN)of delay circuit 513 plus the maximum non-adjustable delay tDQ-BUF4(MAX)of buffer circuit 514 is greater than tDQ-QUAD2, i.e.,tDQ-BUF6(MIN)+tDQ-BUF4(MAX) >tDQ-QUAD2. Adjustments are made to therelative timing of signals R7 (DQ) and G4 (DQS) to allow receivingcircuit 502A to capture the data in signal R7 (DQ). Data is provided ineach signal R7 (DQ) one bit period after a rising edge in timing signalG4 (DQS). One bit period is the period of one data bit in each ofsignals RX. The delay of one bit period provided to the data in eachsignal R7 (DQ) compensates for the combined delay tDQ-BUF6+tDQ-BUF4 ofdelay circuit 513 and buffer circuit 514 to cause the edges of timingsignal G7 (DQSP) to occur at or near the centers of the bit periods ofsignal R8 (DQP).

FIG. 9B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 9A. The timing diagram of FIG. 9B illustratesexemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM), timing signal G4 (DQS),timing signal G7 (DQSP), signal R7 (DQ), and signal R8 (DQP) duringnormal mode. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 9B are generated in adouble data rate embodiment of FIG. 9A.

In the example of FIG. 9B, the combined delay tDQ-BUF6+tDQ-BUF4 of delaycircuit 513 and buffer circuit 514 equals one bit period of signal R7(DQ) plus tDQ-QUAD2. As shown in FIG. 9B, the first data bit is providedin signal R7 (DQ) one bit period after a rising edge in timing signal G4(DQS). The delay of one bit period is provided to signal R7 (DQ) tocause the rising and falling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) to occurat or near the centers of the bit periods of signal R8 (DQP), as shownin FIG. 9B, with tDQ-BUF4 +tDQ-BUF6 greater than one-half the bit periodof signal R8 (DQP).

In each of transmitting circuits 932, timing signal G1 is provided to aselect input of multiplexer circuit 936, to the non-inverting clockinputs of flop-flop circuits 534 and 912, and to the inverting clockinputs of flip-flop circuits 533, 535, and 911. During each readoperation, flip-flop circuits 533 and 535 store the values of signals R1and R2 at their Q outputs in signals R3 and R4, respectively, inresponse to each falling edge in timing signal G1. Flip-flop circuits534 and 912 store the values of signals R3 and R4 at their Q outputs insignals R5 and RH, respectively, in response to each rising edge intiming signal G1. Flip-flop circuit 911 stores the value of signal R5 atits Q output in signal RG in response to each falling edge in timingsignal G1.

Each of the transmitting circuits 932 includes a multiplexer circuit 936that has its 1 and 0 inputs reversed relative to multiplexer circuit536. Signal RG generated by flip-flop circuit 911 is provided to the 1multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 936, and signal RH generatedby flip-flop circuit 912 is provided to the 0 multiplexing input ofmultiplexer circuit 936. Timing signal G1 is provided to the selectinput of multiplexer circuit 936. Multiplexer circuit 936 provides thevalue of signal RG to its output in signal R6 during a logic high statein timing signal G1. Multiplexer circuit 936 provides the value ofsignal RH to its output in signal R6 during a logic low state in timingsignal G1.

Buffer circuit 537 buffers signal R6 to generate buffered signal R7 (DQ)at pin 538. Flip-flop circuits 911-912 cause transmitting circuit 932Ato delay the data bits in signal R7 (DQ) by one bit period of the datarelative to a rising edge in timing signal G4 (DQS), as shown in FIG.9B.

Transmitting circuit 932A provides the first, the third, the fifth, etc.data bits in signal R7 (DQ) in response to logic low states in signal C3(DQSM). Transmitting circuit 932A provides the second, the fourth, thesixth, etc. data bits in signal R7 (DQ) in response to logic high statesin signal C3 (DQSM).

FIG. 9C is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 9A. The timing diagram of FIG. 9C illustratesexemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM), timing signal G4 (DQS),timing signal G7 (DQSP), signal R7 (DQ), and signal R12 (DQP′) duringcalibration mode. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 9C are generated in adouble data rate embodiment of FIG. 9A.

As shown in FIG. 9C, a repeating test pattern of 101010 . . . isgenerated in signal R7 (DQ) and in signal R12 (DQP′) during calibrationmode, and signal R12 (DQP′) is delayed by tDQ-QUAD2 relative to signalR7 (DQ). During calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 602 andcontrol circuit 603 align the rising and falling edges of timing signalG7 (DQSP) with corresponding transitions in signal R12 (DQP′) byadjusting the delay tDQ-BUF6 of delay circuit 513, as described abovewith respect to FIGS. 6A-6B.

According to a variation of FIG. 9A, flip-flop circuits 911-912 areremoved from each of transmitter circuits 932, and signals R5 and R4 areprovided to the 1 and 0 multiplexing inputs of multiplexer circuit 936,respectively. In this embodiment, timing signal G1 is provided to aninverting clock input of flip-flop circuit 534 and to non-invertingclock inputs of flip-flop circuits 533 and 535. In this embodiment,memory integrated circuit 130 delays the data in signals RX by one bitperiod after a rising edge in timing signal C3 (DQSM), or processorintegrated circuit 101 causes a rising edge in timing signal C3 (DQSM)to occur one bit period earlier than the data in signals RX.

According to additional embodiments, data is provided to the read datatransmitter circuit in signals RX two, three, four, or more bit periodsof signals RX after a rising edge in timing signal C3 (DQSM). Read datatransmitter circuit 531 as shown in FIG. 6A can be used to implement theembodiments in which the data in signals RX is delayed by an even numberof bit periods after a rising edge in timing signal C3 (DQSM). Read datatransmitter circuit 931 as shown in FIG. 9A can be used to implement theembodiments in which the data in signals RX is delayed by an odd numberof bit periods after a rising edge in timing signal C3 (DQSM).

According to additional embodiments, a calibration is performed toprovide data to the read data transmitter circuit a calibrated number ofbit periods of signals RX after a rising edge in timing signal C3(DQSM). As an example, initially signals RX are aligned with timingsignal C3 (DQSM). If receiver circuit 501 determines that delay tDQ-BUF6cannot be reduced enough to align signals R12 (DQP′) and G7 (DQSP), thendata signals RX are delayed by one or more bit periods relative totiming signal C3 (DQSM).

FIG. 10A illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter circuit 1001 and anembodiment of a receiver circuit 1031. In an exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 1, write data transmitter circuit 111 is a first instance oftransmitter circuit 1001, command/address transmitter circuit 113 is asecond instance of transmitter circuit 1001, write data receiver circuit121 is a first instance of receiver circuit 1031, and command/addressreceiver circuit 123 is a second instance of receiver circuit 1031.

Transmitter circuit 1001 includes transmitting circuits 202, phasecontrol circuit 1005, pin 218, and buffer circuits 217, 1004, and 1046.Transmitting circuits 202 include transmitting circuits 202A-202C.Buffer circuit 1004 includes one, two, three, four, or more componentbuffers coupled together in series, in the example of FIG. 10A. Twocomponent buffers 1004A-1004B of buffer circuit 1004 are shown as anexample. Buffer circuit 1046 is an interface circuit that receives asignal from pin 218.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10A, transmitter circuit 1001 may have anynumber of one or more transmitting circuits 202, such as transmittingcircuits 202A-202C. Three transmitting circuits 202A-202C are shown inFIG. 10A as an example. Transmitting circuits 202B-202C and the othertransmitting circuits 202 in transmitter circuit 1001 have the samecircuit structure as transmitting circuit 202A. Each of the transmittingcircuits 202 in transmitter circuit 1001 functions as described hereinwith respect to transmitting circuit 202A.

Receiver circuit 1031 includes receiving circuits 1032, pin 241, buffercircuits 242, 1040, and 1043, phase comparator circuit 1042, and delaycircuit 1051. Buffer circuit 1043 is an interface circuit that providesa signal to pin 241. Receiving circuits 1032 include receiving circuits1032A-1032C. Receiving circuit 1032A includes pin 233, buffer circuit234, buffer circuit 1011, multiplexer circuit 1015, and D flip-flopcircuits 235-237. In some embodiments, D flip-flop circuits 235 and 236are low-swing sampler circuits that are used to provide high-gain andnarrow-aperture sampling of the incoming waveform in signal D8 (DQM).Each of buffer circuits 1011 and 1040 includes three component bufferscoupled together in series, in the example of FIG. 10A. In otherembodiments, buffer circuits 1011 and 1040 may have any number ofcomponent buffers.

In the embodiment of FIG. 10A, receiver circuit 1031 may have any numberof one or more receiving circuits 1032, such as receiving circuits1032A-1032C. Three receiving circuits 1032A-1032C are shown in FIG. 10Aas an example. Receiving circuits 1032B-1032C and the other receivingcircuits 1032 in receiver circuit 1031 have the same circuit structureas receiving circuit 1032A. Each of the receiving circuits 1032 inreceiver circuit 1031 functions as described herein with respect toreceiving circuit 1032A.

During calibration mode, control circuit 116 generates test signals TXand test signals UX, and processor circuit 115 generates timing signalsQ1 and C1 (DQSP). Test signals TX and timing signal Q1 are provided tothe first instance of transmitter circuit 1001 (i.e., an example ofwrite data transmitter circuit 111), and test signals UX and timingsignal C1 are provided to the second instance of transmitter circuit1001 (i.e., an example of command/address transmitter circuit 113). Twoof signals TX are provided to each of the transmitting circuits 202 inthe first instance of transmitter circuit 1001. Two of signals UX areprovided to each of the transmitting circuits 202 in the second instanceof transmitter circuit 1001.

In the first instance of transmitter circuit 1001, signals D1 and D2 area subset of signals TX during calibration mode. In the second instanceof transmitter circuit 1001, signals D1 and D2 are a subset of signalsUX during calibration mode. Signals D1 and D2 are provided to the Dinputs of flip-flop circuits 203 and 204, respectively.

Timing signals Q1 and C1 (DQSP) are provided to an input of buffer 1004Ain the first and second instances, respectively, of transmitter circuit1001. Buffer circuit 1004 buffers timing signal Q1/C1 to generate timingsignal E2. Buffer circuit 1004 adds a delay tDQ-BUF8 to timing signal E2relative to timing signal Q1/C1 (DQSP). Thus, buffer circuit 1004functions as both a buffer and a delay circuit. Timing signal E2 isprovided to an inverting clock input of each of flip-flop circuits203-204, to a clock input of flip-flop circuit 205, and to a selectinput of multiplexer circuit 206 in each of transmitting circuits 202.Thus, transmitting circuits 202 form a double-data rate (DDR)transmitter. In other embodiments, the transmitting circuits may form asingle data rate transmitter, a quad data rate transmitter, an octaldata rate transmitter, or a transmitter based on another clocking mode.

Flip-flop circuit 203 stores the value of signal D1 at its Q output insignal D3 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E2.Flip-flop circuit 204 stores the value of signal D2 at its Q output insignal D4 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E2.Flip-flop circuit 205 stores the value of signal D3 at its Q output insignal D5 in response to each rising edge in timing signal E2. Signal D4is provided to the 1 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit 206, andsignal D5 is provided to the 0 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit206.

Timing signal E2 is a periodic signal during calibration and normalmodes. Multiplexer circuit 206 provides the value of signal D4 to itsoutput in signal D6 when timing signal E2 is in a logic high state.Multiplexer circuit 206 provides the value of signal D5 to its output insignal D6 when timing signal E2 is in a logic low state. Signal D6 isprovided to an input of buffer circuit 207. Buffer circuit 207 bufferssignal D6 to generate signal D7 (DQ) at pin 208. Signal D7 (DQ) istransmitted to pin 233 at the input of buffer circuit 234 in receivercircuit 1032A.

Signal D7 (DQ) corresponds to one of signals TY and to one of signals UYin FIG. 1 in the respective first and second instances of transmittercircuit 1001 during calibration mode. Signal D7 (DQ) has a test patternthat may be, for example, a repeating pattern of logic high and lowstates (i.e., 1010 . . . ) in calibration mode.

Buffer circuit 234 buffers signal D7 (DQ) to generate buffered signalDX. Buffered signal DX is provided to the 1 multiplexing input ofmultiplexer circuit 1015 and to the input of buffer circuit 1011. Buffercircuit 1011 buffers signal DX to generate buffered signal DY. Bufferedsignal DY is provided to the 0 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit1015. Select signal Z1 is provided to the select input of multiplexercircuit 1015. During the normal and calibration modes of the system ofFIG. 10A, select signal Z1 is in a logic high state, and multiplexercircuit 1015 provides the value of signal DX to its output in signal D8.Buffer circuit 1011 may be powered down when select signal Z1 is in alogic high state. Signal D8 is also referred to as signal DQM withrespect to FIGS. 10A-10B. Signal D8 (DQM) is provided to the D inputs offlip-flop circuits 235-236.

In some embodiments, if the transitions in signal D7 (DQ) are alignedwith the edges in timing signal E7 (DQS), for example during anoperation compatible with a low-power double data rate mode such asLPDDR2 or LPDDR3, and the delay tDQ-BUF7 of buffer circuit 1040 isone-half a bit period longer than the delay of delay circuit 1011, thensignal Z1 is set to a logic low state during normal mode. When signal Z1is in a logic low state, multiplexer circuit 1015 provides the value ofsignal DY to its output in signal D8 (DQM).

Buffer 1004A buffers timing signal Q1/C1 to generate timing signal T1.Buffer 1004B buffers the second to last timing signal generated bybuffer circuit 1004 (e.g., timing signal T1) to generate timing signalE2. Timing signals Q1/C1, T1, E2, and any other timing signals generatedby buffer circuit 1004 are provided to inputs of phase control circuit1005. In one embodiment, phase control circuit 1005 is a multiplexercircuit that selects timing signal Q1/C1, timing signal Ti, timingsignal E2, or another timing signal generated by buffer circuit 1004 astiming signal E6. In another embodiment, phase control circuit 1005includes a phase blender, a phase mixer, or a phase interpolator thatcan generate a phase in timing signal E6 between the phases of two ofits input timing signals Q1/C1, T1, E2, etc.

Timing signal E6 is provided to an input of buffer circuit 217. Buffercircuit 217 buffers timing signal E6 to generate timing signal E7 at pin218. Timing signal E7 (DQS) corresponds to signals Q2 and C2 in FIG. 1in the respective first and second instances of transmitter circuit1001.

Timing signal E7 (DQS) is transmitted from pin 218 to pin 241 inreceiver circuit 1031 at the input of buffer circuit 242. Buffer circuit242 buffers timing signal E7 (DQS) to generate timing signal E8. Timingsignal E8 is provided to the input of buffer circuit 1040. Buffercircuit 1040 buffers timing signal E8 to generate timing signal E9(DQSM). Buffer circuit 1040 adds a delay tDQ-BUF7 to timing signal E9(DQSM) relative to timing signal E8.

Timing signal E9 (DQSM) is provided to the inverting clock inputs offlip-flop circuits 235 and 237 and to the clock input of flip-flopcircuit 236 in each of the receiving circuits 1032. Flip-flop circuit235 stores the value of signal D8 (DQM) at its Q output in signal D9 inresponse to each falling edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM). Flip-flopcircuit 236 stores the value of signal D8 (DQM) at its Q output insignal D10 in response to each rising edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).Flip-flop circuit 237 stores the value of signal D10 at its Q output insignal D11 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).

Each of the receiving circuits 1032 generates a set of signals D9 andD11. The signals D9 and D11 generated by receiving circuits 1032 arecollectively provided as signals TZ at outputs of the first instance ofreceiver circuit 1031 in calibration mode. The signals D9 and D11generated by receiving circuits 1032 are collectively provided assignals UZ at outputs of the second instance of receiver circuit 1031 incalibration mode. The test patterns indicated by signals TZ and UZ arenot stored in memory during calibration mode.

Timing signal E9 (DQSM) is provided to the input of delay circuit 1051.Delay circuit 1051 delays timing signal E9 (DQSM) by one-quarter of theperiod of timing signal E9 to generate delayed timing signal E10.Delayed timing signal E10 is provided to a first input of phasecomparator circuit 1042. Signal D8 (DQM) is provided to a second inputof phase comparator circuit 1042. Phase comparator circuit 1042 comparesdelayed timing signal E10 to signal D8 (DQM) to generate digital phasecomparison signal PH1 during calibration mode.

In an embodiment in which signal D8 (DQM) has a repeating test patternof 10101010 . . . during calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 1042generates a first value in phase comparison signal PH1 in response tothe transitions in signal D8 (DQM) being ahead of the rising and fallingedges of timing signal E10 and a second value in phase comparison signalPH1 in response to the transitions in signal D8 (DQM) being behind therising and falling edges of timing signal E10.

Phase comparison signal PH1 is provided to the input of buffer circuit1043. Buffer circuit 1043 buffers phase comparison signal PH1 togenerate phase comparison signal PH2. During calibration mode, phasecomparison signal PH2 is transmitted to the input of buffer circuit 1046in transmitter circuit 1001 through pin 241 and pin 218. In analternative embodiment, phase comparison signal PH2 is transmittedthrough a dedicated conductor and dedicated pins in each integratedcircuit or by another means from receiver circuit 1031 to transmittercircuit 1001. Buffer circuit 1046 buffers phase comparison signal PH2 togenerate phase comparison signal PH3. Phase comparison signal PH3 isprovided to a control input of phase control circuit 1005. The value ofphase comparison signal PH3 is equal to the corresponding value of phasecomparison signal PH1.

During the calibration mode, phase control circuit 1005 adjusts thephase of timing signal E6 based on phase comparison signal PH3. Phasecontrol circuit 1005 adjusts the phase of timing signal E6 duringcalibration mode until the phase comparison signal PH3 indicates thatthe rising and falling edges of delayed timing signal E10 are alignedwith the transitions in signal D8 (DQM). After the phase comparisonsignal PH3 indicates that the rising and falling edges of delayed timingsignal E10 are aligned with the transitions in signal D8 (DQM), phasecontrol circuit 1005 maintains the phase offset between timing signal E6and timing signal Q1/C1 constant during normal mode.

During each write operation, write data is provided to the firstinstance of transmitter circuit 1001 (i.e., an example of write datatransmitter circuit 111) in signals WX. During each read or writeoperation, a read or write command and an address are provided to thesecond instance of transmitter circuit 1001 (i.e., an example ofcommand/address transmitter circuit 113) in signals AX. Two of signalsWX are provided to each of the transmitting circuits 202 in the firstinstance of transmitter circuit 1001. Two of signals AX are provided toeach of the transmitting circuits 202 in the second instance oftransmitter circuit 1001.

In the first instance of transmitter circuit 1001, signals D1 and D2 area subset of signals WX during write operations in normal mode. In thesecond instance of transmitter circuit 1001, signals D1 and D2 are asubset of signals AX during read and write operations in normal mode.Signals D1 and D2 are provided to the D inputs of flip-flop circuits 203and 204, respectively, in transmitting circuit 202A.

In the first instance of transmitter circuit 1001, timing signal Q1(DQSP) is provided to the input of buffer 1004A during write operationsin normal mode. In the second instance of transmitter circuit 1001,timing signal C1 (DQSP) is provided to the input of buffer 1004A duringread and write operations in normal mode. Processor circuit 115 causestiming signals Q1 and C1 (DQSP) to be digital periodic signals duringwrite and read operations in normal mode.

During normal mode, each of the transmitting circuits 202 generates asignal D7 (DQ) in response to timing signal E2, and transmitter circuit1001 generates timing signal E7 (DQS) in response to timing signal Q1 orC1, as described above with respect to the calibration mode. In thefirst instance of transmitter circuit 1001, signals D7 (DQ) indicate thewrite data as indicated by signals WX. In the second instance oftransmitter circuit 1001, signals D7 (DQ) indicate the read or writecommand and the address as indicated by signals AX.

Phase offset tDQPH refers to the phase offset that phase control circuit1005 generates in timing signal E6 relative to timing signal Q1/C1(DQSP). In normal mode, phase control circuit 1005 causes timing signalE6 to have the phase offset tDQPH relative to timing signal Q1/C1 (DQSP)that was generated during the previous calibration mode in response tophase comparison signal PH3. Buffer circuit 217 buffers timing signal E6to generate timing signal E7 (DQS) during normal mode at pin 218. Timingsignal E7 (DQS) is transmitted to the input of buffer circuit 242 at pin241 during normal mode. Buffer circuits 242 and 1040 buffer timingsignal E7 (DQS) to generate timing signal E9 (DQSM) during normal mode.

Signal D7 (DQ) generated by transmitting circuit 202A is transmitted topin 233 at the input of buffer circuit 234 in receiver circuit 1032A innormal mode. Signal D7 (DQ) corresponds to one of signals WY and to oneof signals AY in FIG. 1 in respective first and second instances oftransmitter circuit 1001 during normal mode. Buffer circuit 234 bufferssignal D7 (DQ) to generate signal DX. Multiplexer circuit 1015 providesthe value of signal DX to its output in signal D8 (DQM) when selectsignal Z1 is in a logic high state.

In normal mode, flip-flop circuits 235-237 store the values of signal D8(DQM) in signals D9 and D11 in response to timing signal E9 (DQSM), asdescribed above. Each of receiving circuits 1032 generates a set ofsignals D9 and D11. The signals D9 and D11 generated by receivingcircuits 1032 are collectively provided as signals WZ at outputs of thefirst instance of receiver circuit 1031 in normal mode. The signals D9and D11 generated by receiving circuits 1032 are collectively providedas signals AZ at outputs of the second instance of receiver circuit 1031in normal mode.

FIG. 10B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 10A. The timing diagram of FIG. 10Billustrates exemplary waveforms for timing signal Q1/C1 (DQSP), timingsignal E7 (DQS), timing signal E9 (DQSM), timing signal E10, signal D7(DQ), and signal D8 (DQM). The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 10B aregenerated in a double data rate embodiment of FIG. 10A. While a doubledata rate embodiment is shown, data transmission systems having any ofthe techniques described herein can include a single data rate system, aquad data rate system, an octal data rate system, or systems based onother types of clocking modes.

When the rising and falling edges of delayed timing signal E10 arealigned with the transitions in signal D8 (DQM), the rising and fallingedges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) occur at or near the centers ofcorresponding bit periods in signal D8 (DQM), as shown in FIG. 10B,because the delay of delay circuit 1051 equals one-half the bit periodof signal D8 (DQM). Receiving circuits 1032 are able to capture thevalues of signal D8 (DQM) during normal mode, because the rising andfalling edges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) occur at or near the centers ofcorresponding bit periods in signal D8 (DQM).

FIG. 11A illustrates an embodiment of a receiver circuit 1131 thatincludes integrator circuits. FIG. 11A also illustrates transmittercircuit 1001. In an exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, write datatransmitter circuit 111 is a first instance of transmitter circuit 1001,command/address transmitter circuit 113 is a second instance oftransmitter circuit 1001, write data receiver circuit 121 is a firstinstance of receiver circuit 1131, and command/address receiver circuit123 is a second instance of receiver circuit 1131.

The structure and operation of transmitter circuit 1001 is shown in anddescribed above with respect to FIGS. 10A-10B. Receiver circuit 1131includes receiving circuits 1132, pin 241, buffer circuits 242, 1040,and 1043, and phase comparator circuit 1142. Receiving circuits 1132include receiving circuits 1132A-1132C. Receiving circuit 1132A includespin 233, buffer circuit 234, buffer circuit 1011, multiplexer circuit1015, integrator circuits 1133 and 1153, edge-triggered comparatorcircuits 1134 and 1154, and D flip-flop circuits 1135-1137.

In the embodiment of FIG. 11A, receiver circuit 1131 may have any numberof one or more receiving circuits 1132, such as receiving circuits1132A-1132C. Three receiving circuits 1132A-1132C are shown in FIG. 11Aas an example. Receiving circuits 1132B-1132C and the other receivingcircuits 1132 in receiver circuit 1131 have the same circuit structureas receiving circuit 1132A. Each of the receiving circuits 1132 inreceiver circuit 1131 functions as described below with respect toreceiving circuit 1132A.

During calibration and normal modes, multiplexer circuit 1015 providesthe value of signal DX to its output in signal DZ when signal Z1 is in alogic high state. In some embodiments, multiplexer circuit 1015 providesthe value of signal DY to its output in signal DZ when signal Z1 is in alogic low state in normal mode, as described above with respect to FIG.10A. Signal DZ is provided to a first input of phase comparator circuit1142. Timing signal E9 (DQSM) is provided to a second input of phasecomparator circuit 1142.

During calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 1142 compares timingsignal E9 (DQSM) to signal DZ to generate phase comparison signal PH1.The value of phase comparison signal PH1 is provided to phase controlcircuit 1005 in phase comparison signal PH3 using buffer circuits 1043and 1046, as described above with respect to FIG. 10A. Phase controlcircuit 1005 adjusts the phase of timing signal E6 during calibrationmode until the phase comparison signal PH3 indicates that the rising andfalling edges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) are aligned with thetransitions in signal DZ. After the phase comparison signal PH3indicates that the rising and falling edges of timing signal E9 (DQSM)are aligned with the transitions in signal DZ, phase control circuit1005 maintains the phase offset tDQPH between timing signal E6 andtiming signal Q1/C1 constant, until a subsequent calibration mode.

Signal DZ is also provided to inputs of integrator circuits 1133 and1153. Timing signal E9 (DQSM) is provided to the inverting clock inputsof integrator circuit 1153 and edge-triggered comparator circuit 1134and to the clock inputs of integrator circuit 1133 and edge-triggeredcomparator circuit 1154. Integrator circuit 1133 performs an integrationoperation on signal DZ in response to each of the rising edges of timingsignal E9 (DQSM) to generate an output signal. Edge-triggered comparatorcircuit 1134 compares the output signal of integrator circuit 1133 to areference in response to each falling edge of timing signal E9 (DQSM) togenerate signal DH. Because comparator circuit 1134 is edge-triggered,signal DH indicates the previous bit, until the next falling edge oftiming signal E9 (DQSM).

Integrator circuit 1153 performs an integration operation on signal DZin response to each of the falling edges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) togenerate an output signal. Edge-triggered comparator circuit 1154compares the output signal of integrator circuit 1153 to a reference inresponse to each rising edge of timing signal E9 (DQSM) to generatesignal DK. Because comparator circuit 1154 is edge-triggered, signal DKindicates the previous bit, until the next rising edge of timing signalE9 (DQSM). Each of edge-triggered comparator circuits 1134 and 1154 may,for example, include a comparator followed by an edge-triggeredflip-flop. Further details of a receiving circuit that uses anintegrator circuit is described in U.S. patent application publicationnumber 20100315142, published Dec. 16, 2010, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

Signal DH is provided to the D input of flip-flop circuit 1135. SignalDK is provided to the D input of flip-flop circuit 1136. Timing signalE9 (DQSM) is provided to the clock inputs of flip-flop circuits 1135 and1137 and to the inverting clock input of flip-flop circuit 1136.Flip-flop circuit 1135 stores the value of signal DH at its Q output insignal D9 in response to each rising edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).Flip-flop circuit 1136 stores the value of signal DK at its Q output insignal D10 in response to each falling edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).Flip-flop circuit 1137 stores the value of signal D10 at its Q output insignal D11 in response to each rising edge in timing signal E9 (DQSM).Each of receiving circuits 1132 generates a set of signals D9 and D11.

During calibration mode, the signals D9 and D11 generated by receivingcircuits 1132 are collectively provided as signals TZ at outputs of thefirst instance of receiver circuit 1131 and as signals UZ at outputs ofthe second instance of receiver circuit 1131. During normal mode, thesignals D9 and D11 generated by receiving circuits 1132 are collectivelyprovided as signals WZ at outputs of the first instance of receivercircuit 1131 and as signals AZ at outputs of the second instance ofreceiver circuit 1131.

FIG. 11B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 11A. The timing diagram of FIG. 11Billustrates exemplary waveforms for timing signal Q1/C1 (DQSP), timingsignal E8, timing signal E9 (DQSM), signal D7 (DQ), signal DZ, signalDH, and signal DK. The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 11B are generatedusing double data rate timing.

As shown in FIG. 11B, timing signal E8 is delayed by tDQPH relative totiming signal Q1/C1 (DQSP), timing signal E9 (DQSM) is delayed bytDQ-BUF7 relative to timing signal E8, and signal D7 (DQ) is delayed bytDQ-BUF8 relative to timing signal Q1/C1 (DQSP). After calibration mode,the rising and falling edges of timing signal E9 (DQSM) are aligned withcorresponding transitions in signal DZ, as shown in FIG. 11B. The delaysof buffer circuit 234 and multiplexer circuit 1015 are small relative tothe periods of these signals. Circuits 1133-1134 and 1153-1154 delaysignals DH and DK, respectively, as shown in FIG. 11B, allowingreceiving circuits 1132 to capture the values of signals DH and DKduring normal mode.

FIG. 12A illustrates an embodiment of a transmitter circuit 1231 and anembodiment of a receiver circuit 1201. In an exemplary embodiment ofFIG. 1, transmitter circuit 1231 is an embodiment of read datatransmitter circuit 122, and receiver circuit 1201 is an embodiment ofread data receiver circuit 112.

Transmitter circuit 1231 includes transmitting circuits 532, pins 545and 1292, phase control circuit 1251, and buffer circuits 544, 1232,1241, and 1282. Buffer circuit 1241 includes one, two, three, four, ormore component buffers coupled together in series, in the example ofFIG. 12A. Two component buffers 1241A-1241B of buffer circuit 1241 areshown as an example. Buffer circuits 1232 and 1282 are interfacecircuits. Transmitting circuits 532 include transmitting circuits532A-532C. The circuit structure and operation of transmitting circuits532 are described above with respect to FIGS. 5A-6B.

Receiver circuit 1201 includes receiving circuits 1202, pins 511 and1291, buffer circuits 512, 1234, 1220, and 1281, delay circuit 1225, andphase comparator circuit 1230. Receiving circuits 1202 include receivingcircuits 1202A-1202C. Receiving circuit 1202A includes D flip-flopcircuits 503-505, buffer circuit 506, pin 507, multiplexer circuit 1205,and buffer circuit 1211. Each of the buffer circuits 1211 and 1220includes three component buffers coupled together in series, in theexample of FIG. 12A. In other embodiments, buffer circuits 1211 and 1220may have any number of component buffers. Buffer circuits 1234 and 1281are interface circuits.

Receiver circuit 1201 may have any number of one or more receivingcircuits 1202, such as receiving circuits 1202A-1202C. Three receivingcircuits 1202A-1202C are shown in FIG. 12A as an example. Receivingcircuits 1202B-1202C and the other receiving circuits 1202 in receivercircuit 1201 have the same circuit structure as receiving circuit 1202A.Each of the receiving circuits 1202 in receiver circuit 1201 functionsas described below with respect to receiving circuit 1202A.

Test signals VX and timing signal C3 (DQSM) are provided to transmittercircuit 1231 during calibration mode. Two of signals VX are provided toeach of the transmitting circuits 532 in transmitter circuit 1231.Signals R1 and R2 are a subset of signals VX during calibration mode.Signals R1 and R2 are provided to the D inputs of flip-flop circuits 533and 535, respectively, as described above. Transmitting circuits 532function as described above with respect to FIG. 5A. Signal R7 (DQ)generated by transmitting circuit 532A corresponds to one of signals VYin FIG. 1 during calibration mode. Signal R7 (DQ) has a test patternthat may be, for example, a repeating pattern of logic high and lowstates (i.e., 1010 . . . ) in calibration mode.

Signal R7 (DQ) is provided to the input of buffer circuit 506 throughpin 507. Buffer circuit 506 buffers signal R7 (DQ) to generate abuffered signal R8. Buffered signal R8 is provided to the input ofbuffer circuit 1211 and to the 0 multiplexing input of multiplexercircuit 1205. Buffer circuit 1211 buffers signal R8 to generate abuffered signal RB at the 1 multiplexing input of multiplexer circuit1205 when buffer circuit 1211 is powered on. A select signal Z2 isprovided to the select input of multiplexer circuit 1205. During thenormal and calibration modes of the system of FIG. 12A, buffer circuit1211 may be powered down, select signal Z2 is in a logic low state, andmultiplexer circuit 1205 provides the value of signal R8 to its outputin signal RP (DQP). Signal RP (DQP) is provided to the D inputs offlip-flop circuits 503 and 505 and to the input of delay circuit 1225.

In some embodiments, if the transitions in signal R7 (DQ) are alignedwith the edges in signal G4 (DQS), for example during an operationcompatible with a low-power double data rate mode such as LPDDR2 orLPDDR3, and the delay tDQ-BUF10 of buffer circuit 1220 is one-half a bitperiod longer than the delay of delay circuit 1211, then signal Z2 isset to a logic high state during normal mode. When signal Z2 is in alogic high state, multiplexer circuit 1205 provides the value of signalRB to its output in signal RP (DQP).

In some embodiments, timing signal C3 (DQSM) is generated bycommand/address receiver circuit 123, as described above with respect toFIG. 1. In other embodiments, another periodic timing signal K1 isgenerated in processor integrated circuit 101. Buffer circuit 1281buffers timing signal K1 to generate timing signal K2. Timing signal K2is transmitted to the input of buffer circuit 1282 through pins1291-1292. Buffer circuit 1282 buffers timing signal K2 to generatetiming signal C3 (DQSM).

Timing signal C3 (DQSM) is provided to an input of buffer circuit 1241.Buffer circuit 1241 buffers timing signal C3 (DQSM) to generate abuffered timing signal G1. Buffer circuit 1241 adds a delay tDQ-BUF9 totiming signal G1 relative to timing signal C3 (DQSM). Thus, buffercircuit 1241 functions as a buffer and a delay circuit. Timing signal G1is provided to a select input of multiplexer circuit 536, to the clockinput of flop-flop circuit 534, and to the inverting clock inputs offlip-flop circuits 533 and 535 in each of transmitting circuits 532.

Buffer 1241A buffers timing signal C3 (DQSM) to generate timing signalT1. Buffer 1241B buffers the second-to-last timing signal generated bybuffer circuit 1241 (e.g., timing signal T1) to generate timing signalG1. Timing signals C3 (DQSM), T1, G1, and any other timing signalsgenerated by buffer circuit 1241 are provided to inputs of phase controlcircuit 1251. In one embodiment, phase control circuit 1251 is amultiplexer circuit that selects timing signal C3 (DQSM), timing signalTi, timing signal G1, or another timing signal generated by buffercircuit 1241 as timing signal G3. In another embodiment, phase controlcircuit 1251 includes a phase blender, a phase mixer, or a phaseinterpolator that can generate a phase in timing signal G3 between thephases of two of its input timing signals C3 (DQSM), T1, G1, etc.

Timing signal G3 is provided to the input of buffer circuit 544. Buffercircuit 544 buffers timing signal G3 to generate a timing signal G4(DQS) at pin 545. Timing signal G4 (DQS) is transmitted to pin 511 atthe input of buffer circuit 512 in receiver circuit 1201. Buffer circuit512 buffers timing signal G4 (DQS) to generate timing signal G5. Timingsignal G5 is provided to the input of buffer circuit 1220. Buffercircuit 1220 buffers timing signal G5 to generate buffered timing signalG7 (DQSP). Buffer circuit 1220 adds a delay tDQ-BUF10 to timing signalG7 (DQSP) relative to timing signal G5. Timing signal G7 (DQSP) isprovided to the clock input of flip-flop circuit 505 and to theinverting clock inputs of flip-flop circuits 503-504.

Timing signal G7 (DQSP) is also provided to a first input of phasecomparator circuit 1230. Delay circuit 1225 delays signal RP (DQP) by adelay tDQ-QUAD2 that equals one-quarter of the period of timing signalG7 (DQSP) to generate delayed signal R12 (DQP′). Delayed signal R12(DQP′) is provided to a second input of phase comparator circuit 1230.During calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 1230 compares timingsignal G7 (DQSP) to delayed signal R12 (DQP′) to generate phasecomparison signal PH1.

In an embodiment in which signal RP (DQP) has a repeating test patternof 10101010 . . . during calibration mode, phase comparator circuit 1230generates a first value in phase comparison signal PH1 in response tothe transitions in signal R12 (DQP′) being ahead of the rising andfalling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) and a second value in phasecomparison signal PH1 in response to the transitions in signal R12(DQP′) being behind the rising and falling edges of timing signal G7(DQSP).

Phase comparison signal PH1 is provided to an input of buffer circuit1234. Buffer circuit 1234 buffers phase comparison signal PH1 togenerate a buffered phase comparison signal PH2. Phase comparison signalPH2 is transmitted to an input of buffer circuit 1232 in transmittercircuit 1231 through pins 511 and 545 during calibration mode. In analternative embodiment, phase comparison signal PH2 is transmittedthrough a dedicated conductor and dedicated pins in each integratedcircuit. Buffer circuit 1232 buffers phase comparison signal PH2 togenerate a buffered phase comparison signal PH3. Phase comparison signalPH3 is provided to a control input of phase control circuit 1251. Phasecomparison signal PH3 indicates the same digital value as phasecomparison signal PH1.

Phase control circuit 1251 adjusts the phase of timing signal G3 duringcalibration mode until the phase comparison signal PH3 indicates thatthe rising and falling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) are aligned withthe transitions in signal R12 (DQP′). After the phase comparison signalPH3 indicates that the rising and falling edges of timing signal G7(DQSP) are aligned with the transitions in signal R12 (DQP′), phasecontrol circuit 1251 maintains the phase offset tDQPH between timingsignal G3 and timing signal C3 (DQSM) constant during normal mode, untilthe next calibration mode.

During read operations in normal mode, two of the signals RX thatindicate the read data are provided to each of the transmitting circuits532 in transmitter circuit 1231. Signals R1 and R2 are provided totransmitting circuit 532A. Signals R1 and R2 are a subset of signals RXduring read operations in normal mode. Signals R1 and R2 are provided tothe D inputs of flip-flop circuits 533 and 535, respectively, intransmitting circuit 532A. Signal R7 (DQ) generated by transmittingcircuit 532A corresponds to one of signals RY in FIG. 1 during normalmode. Also, during read operations in normal mode, timing signal C3(DQSM) is provided to transmitter circuit 1231, and timing signal G7(DQSP) is generated in receiver circuit 1201 based on timing signal C3(DQSM), as described above.

Buffer circuit 506 buffers signal R7 (DQ) to generate signal R8, andmultiplexer circuit 1205 provides the value of signal R8 to its outputin signal RP (DQP) in normal mode. Flip-flop circuit 503 stores thevalue of signal RP (DQP) at its Q output in signal R9 in response toeach falling edge in timing signal G7 (DQSP). Flip-flop circuit 505stores the value of signal RP (DQP) at its Q output in signal R10 inresponse to each rising edge in timing signal G7 (DQSP). Flip-flopcircuit 504 stores the value of signal R10 at its Q output in signal R11in response to each falling edge in timing signal G7 (DQSP). Each ofreceiving circuits 1202 generates a set of signals R9 and R11. Thesignals R9 and R11 generated by receiving circuits 1202 are collectivelyprovided as signals RZ at outputs of receiver circuit 1201. Signals RZindicate the read data for a read operation.

FIG. 12B is a timing diagram showing exemplary waveforms of a subset ofthe signals shown in FIG. 12A. The timing diagram of FIG. 12Billustrates exemplary waveforms for timing signal C3 (DQSM), timingsignal G4 (DQS), timing is signal G7 (DQSP), signal R7 (DQ), signal RP(DQP), and signal R12 (DQP′). The exemplary waveforms of FIG. 12B aregenerated in a double data rate embodiment of FIG. 12A.

When the rising and falling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) are alignedwith the transitions in signal R12 (DQP′) after calibration mode, therising and falling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) occur at or near thecenters of corresponding bit periods of signal RP (DQP), as shown inFIG. 12B, because the delay tDQ-QUAD2 of delay circuit 1225 equalsone-half the bit period of signal RP (DQP). Receiving circuits 1202 areable to capture accurate values of signal RP (DQP) during normal mode,because the rising and falling edges of timing signal G7 (DQSP) occur ator near the centers of corresponding bit periods of signal RP (DQP).

The foregoing description of the exemplary embodiments has beenpresented for the purposes of illustration and description. Theforegoing description is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting tothe examples disclosed herein. In some instances, certain features ofthe embodiments can be employed without a corresponding use of otherfeatures as set forth. Many modifications, substitutions, and variationsare possible in light of the above teachings, without departing from thescope of the claims.

1. An integrated circuit comprising: a first interface circuit toreceive data accessed from a memory circuit external to the integratedcircuit a second interface circuit to receive a first timing signal fromthe memory circuit a first circuit to delay the first timing signal byat least a first delay to generate a delayed timing signal; a datacircuit having an input, the data circuit to capture the data from adata signal at the input in response to the delayed timing signal; asecond circuit to delay the data signal to generate a delayed datasignal; and a control circuit to control the first delay based on aphase comparison between the delayed data signal and the delayed timingsignal.
 2. The integrated circuit of claim 1, further comprising: aphase comparator circuit to compare the delayed timing signal with thedelayed data signal to generate a phase comparison signal, the controlcircuit to control the first delay based on the phase comparison signal.3. The integrated circuit of claim 1, the integrated circuit supportinga calibration mode and a normal mode, the control circuit to receive acontrol signal that enables the control circuit during the calibrationmode.
 4. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein the first delay isselected so that the delayed timing signal has a quadrature-phaserelationship with the data signal.
 5. The integrated circuit of claim 1,wherein the first circuit comprises: a delay circuit to delay the firsttiming signal by the first delay to generate a second timing signal; anda buffer circuit to generate the delayed timing signal based on thesecond timing signal, the buffer circuit providing a second delaybetween the second timing signal and the delayed timing signal.
 6. Theintegrated circuit of claim 5, wherein the second delay is anon-adjustable delay.
 7. The integrated circuit of claim 5, the firstinterface circuit to generate a signal that comprises the data, theintegrated circuit further comprising: a circuit to delay the signalgenerated by the first interface circuit to generate a delayed signal;and a first multiplexer circuit to receive the delayed signal and thesignal generated by the first interface circuit, wherein the firstmultiplexer circuit generates the data signal by selecting between thedelayed signal and the signal generated by the first interface circuit.8. The integrated circuit of claim 7, the first circuit comprising: asecond multiplexer circuit to receive the second timing signal and togenerate a selected signal based on the second timing signal, the buffercircuit to generate the delayed timing signal based on the selectedsignal.
 9. The integrated circuit of claim 1, the first interfacecircuit to generate a signal that comprises the data, the integratedcircuit further comprising: a buffer circuit to delay the signalgenerated by the first interface circuit to generate the data signal.10. The integrated circuit of claim 1, the first interface circuit toreceive a signal that comprises the data, wherein the received signalhas a delay of at least one bit period of the data relative to the firsttiming signal.
 11. The integrated circuit of claim 1, wherein theintegrated circuit is a processor integrated circuit.
 12. A method ofoperation in an integrated circuit, the method comprising: receivingdata accessed from a memory circuit external to the integrated circuit;receiving a first timing signal from the memory circuit; delaying thefirst timing signal by at least a first delay to generate a delayedtiming signal; capturing, with a data circuit having an input, the datafrom a data signal at the input in response to the delayed timingsignal; delaying the data signal to generate a delayed data signal; andcontrolling the first delay based on a phase comparison between thedelayed data signal and the delayed timing signal.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, further comprising: comparing the delayed timing signal withthe delayed data signal to generate a phase comparison signal, whereinthe first delay is controlled based on the phase comparison signal. 14.The method of claim 12, the integrated circuit supporting a calibrationmode and a normal mode, wherein the first delay is controlled during thecalibration mode.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the first delay isselected so that the delayed timing signal has a quadrature-phaserelationship with the data signal.
 16. The method of claim 12, whereindelaying the first timing signal comprises: delaying the first timingsignal by the first delay to generate a second timing signal; andgenerating the delayed timing signal based on the second timing signalby providing a second delay between the second timing signal and thedelayed timing signal.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the seconddelay is a non-adjustable delay.
 18. The method of claim 12, furthercomprising: generating a signal that comprises the data; and delayingthe signal that comprises the data to generate the data signal.
 19. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising: receiving a signal thatcomprises the data, wherein the received signal has a delay of at leastone bit period of the data relative to the first timing signal.
 20. Anintegrated circuit comprising: means for receiving data accessed from amemory circuit external to the integrated circuit; means for receiving afirst timing signal from the memory circuit; means for delaying thefirst timing signal by at least a first delay to generate a delayedtiming signal; data capturing means having an input, the data capturingmeans for capturing the data from a data signal at the input in responseto the delayed timing signal; means for delaying the data signal togenerate a delayed data signal; and means for controlling the firstdelay based on a phase comparison between the delayed data signal andthe delayed timing signal.